Проблема интертекстуальности в теории переводa

>Employment hazardous and wearisome!

And he had many hardships to endure:

From pond to pond he roamed, from moor to moor;

Housing, with God's good help, by choice or chance,

And in this way he gained an honest maintenance.  

XVI The old Man still stood talking by my side;

But now his voice to me was like a stream

Scarce heard; nor word from word could I divide;

And the whole body of the Man did seem

Like one whom I had met with in a dream;

Or like a man from some far region sent,

To give me human strength, by apt admonishment.  

XVII My former thoughts returned: the fear that kills;

And hope that is unwilling to be fed;

Cold, pain, and labour, and all fleshly ills;

And mighty Poets in their misery dead. –

Perplexed, and longing to be comforted,

My question eagerly did I renew,

"How is it that you live, and what is it you do?"  

XVIII He with a smile did then his words repeat;

And said, that, gathering leeches, far and wide

He travelled; stirring thus about his feet

The waters of the pools where they abide.

"Once I could meet with them on every side;

But they have dwindled long by slow decay;

Yet still I persevere, and find them where I may."  

XIX While he was talking thus, the lonely place,

The old Man's shape, and speech--all troubled me:

In my mind's eye I seemed to see him pace

About the weary moors continually,

Wandering about alone and silently.

While I these thoughts within myself pursued,

He, having made a pause, the same discourse renewed.  

XX And soon with this he other matter blended,

Cheerfully uttered, with demeanour kind,

But stately in the main; and when he ended,

I could have laughed myself to scorn to find

In that decrepit Man so firm a mind.

"God," said I, "be my help and stay secure;

I'll think of the Leech-gatherer on the lonely moor!" [Wordsworth].

 

б) Пародии на конкретные песни. 

1) “Beautiful Soup, so rich and green,

Waiting in a hot tureen!

Who for such dainties would not stoop?

Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup!

Soup of the evening, beautiful Soup!

Beau--ootiful Soo--oop!

Beau--ootiful Soo--oop!

Soo--oop of the e--e--evening,

Beautiful, beautiful Soup! `

Beautiful Soup! Who cares for fish,

Game, or any other dish?

Who would not give all else for two p-

Ennyworth only of beautiful Soup?

Pennyworth only of beautiful Soup?

Beau--ootiful Soo--oop!

Beau--ootiful Soo--oop!

Soo--oop of the e--e--evening,

Beautiful, beauti--FUL SOUP!” [Carroll: 152]. 

Эта песня, которую в главе “The Lobster Quadrille” (“Alice in Wonderland”) поет Черепаха, пародирует популярную во времена Кэрролла песенку “Beautiful Star” (автор музыки и слов Джеймс Сейлс (James M. Sayles). Вот ее начало:

“Beautiful star in heaven so bright,

Softly falls thy silvery light

As thou movest from earth afar,

Star of the evening, beautiful star.

CHORUS:

Beautiful star

Beautiful star

Star of the evening, beautiful, beautiful star.”[цит. по Головчинская: 182-183]. 
 

2) “Hush-a-by lady, in Alice's lap!

Till the feast's ready, we've time for a nap:

When the feast's over, we'll go to the ball

Red Queen, and White Queen, and Alice, and all!”[Carroll].  

Эта колыбельная, которую в главе “Queen Alice” (“Through the Looking Glass”) поет Черная Королева, является пародией на знаменитую английскую детскую колыбельную:

“Hushaby, baby, thy cradle is green;  
Father's a nobleman, mother's a queen;  
Sister's a lady, and wears a gold ring;  
Brother's a drummer, and drums for the king.”  
 
Rockabye, baby, on the tree top;  
When the wind blows the cradle will rock;  
When the bough breaks the cradle will fall;  
Down will come baby, bough, cradle, and all.” 

3) “To the Looking-Glass world it was Alice that said,

"I've a sceptre in hand, I've a crown on my head;

Let the Looking-Glass creatures, whatever they be,

Come and dine with the Red Queen, the White Queen, and me."  

And hundreds of voices joined in the chorus: -

 

Then fill up the glasses as quick as you can,

And sprinkle the table with buttons and bran:

Put cats in the coffee, and mice in the tea

And welcome Queen Alice with thirty-times-three!

"O Looking-Glass creatures," quothe Alice, "draw near!

'Tis and honour to see me, a favour to hear:

'Tis a privilege high to have dinner and tea

Along with the Red Queen, the White Queen, and me!"  

Then came the chorus again: -

 

Then fill up the glasses with treacle and ink,

Or anything else that is pleasant to drink:

Mix sand with the cider, and wool with the wine

And welcome Queen Alice with ninety-times-nine!” [Carroll]. 

Этой песней в предпоследней главе “Through the Looking Glass” пирующие на коронации Алисы гости прославляют новую королеву. Эта песня является пародией на 2 первые строфы песни “Bonny Dundee” из пьесы Вальтера Скотта “The Doom of Devorgoil”. Приведем эти 2 строфы:

 
“To the Lords of Convention 'twas Claver'se who spoke, 
'Ere the King's crown shall fall there are crowns to be broke; 
So let each Cavalier who loves honour and me, 
Come follow the Bonnet of Bonny Dundee.

'Come fill up my cup, come fill up my can, 
Come saddle your horses, and call up your men; 
Come open the West Port, and let me gang free, 
And itХs room for the bonnets of Bonny Dundee!'” [Scott].

 
в) Пародии на определенный жанр или стиль.

      В первый пункт классификации представляется целесообразным включить не только пародии, источники которых могут быть непосредственно названы, но и те стихотворные включения, в которых можно обнаружить следы определенного поэтического и литературного жанра, поскольку они также являются признаком интертекстуальной связи произведения Кэрролла с другими произведениями. Эти включения в силу наличия у них индивидуальных особенностей, связанных с отсутствием в них аллюзии на какой либо конкретный текст, требуют от переводчика совершенно иного подхода, так как перед ним стоит задача отразить в переводе именно жанр пародируемого произведения, то есть обратить внимание на стилистическое оформление текста перевода. Поэтому подобные включения будут проанализированы отдельно. 

1. JABBERWOCKY

“Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;

All mimsy were the borogoves,

And the mome raths outgrabe. 

`Beware the Jabberwock, my son!

The jaws that bite, the claws that catch!

Beware the Jujub bird, and shun

The frumious Bandersnatch!'  

He took his vorpal sword in hand:

Long time the manxome foe he sought – 

So rested he by the Tumtum gree,

And stood awhile in thought.

 

And as in uffish thought he stood,

The Jabberwock, with eyes of flame,

Came whiffling through the tulgey wook,

And burbled as it came!

 

One, two! One, two! And through and through

The vorpal blade went snicker-snack!

He left it dead, and with its head

He went galumphing back.

 

`And has thou slain the Jabberwock?

Come to my arms, my beamish boy!

O frabjous day! Calloh! Callay!

He chortled in his joy.  

`Twas brillig, and the slithy toves

Did gyre and gimble in the wabe;

All mimsy were the borogoves,

And the mome raths outgrabe.”[Carroll]. 

Этим  стихотворением, которое в самом  начале произведения “Through the Looking Glass” Алиса находит в зазеркальной книжке, Кэрролл, по замечанию М. Гарднера, высмеивает героическую рыцарскую поэзию средневековья и прежде всего присущий ей высокопарный стиль и книжную лексику. 
 

3. The sun was shining on the sea,

Shining with all his might:

He did his very best to make

The billows smooth and bright

And this was odd, because it was

The middle of the night.

The moon was shining sulkily,

Because she thought the sun

Had got no business to be there

After the day was done

"It's very rude of him," she said,

"To come and spoil the fun!"

The sea was wet as wet could be,

The sands were dry as dry.

You could not see a cloud, because

No cloud was in the sky:

No birds were flying over head

There were no birds to fly.

The Walrus and the Carpenter

Were walking close at hand;

They wept like anything to see

Such quantities of sand:

"If this were only cleared away,"

They said, "it WOULD be grand!"

"If seven maids with seven mops

Swept it for half a year,

Do you suppose," the Walrus said,

"That they could get it clear?"

"I doubt it," said the Carpenter,

And shed a bitter tear.

"O Oysters, come and walk with us!"

The Walrus did beseech.

"A pleasant walk, a pleasant talk,

Along the briny beach:

We cannot do with more than four,

To give a hand to each."

The eldest Oyster looked at him.

But never a word he said:

The eldest Oyster winked his eye,

And shook his heavy head

Meaning to say he did not choose

To leave the oyster-bed.

But four young oysters hurried up,

All eager for the treat:

Their coats were brushed, their faces washed,

Their shoes were clean and neat

And this was odd, because, you know,

They hadn't any feet.

Four other Oysters followed them,

And yet another four;

And thick and fast they came at last,

And more, and more, and more

All hopping through the frothy waves,

And scrambling to the shore.

The Walrus and the Carpenter

Walked on a mile or so,

And then they rested on a rock

Conveniently low:

And all the little Oysters stood

And waited in a row.

"The time has come," the Walrus said,

"To talk of many things:

Of shoes - and ships - and sealing-wax

Of cabbages - and kings

And why the sea is boiling hot

And whether pigs have wings."

"But wait a bit," the Oysters cried,

"Before we have our chat;

For some of us are out of breath,

And all of us are fat!"

"No hurry!" said the Carpenter.

They thanked him much for that.

"A loaf of bread," the Walrus said,

"Is what we chiefly need:

Pepper and vinegar besides

Are very good indeed

Now if you're ready Oysters dear,

We can begin to feed."

"But not on us!" the Oysters cried,

Turning a little blue,

"After such kindness, that would be

A dismal thing to do!"

"The night is fine," the Walrus said

"Do you admire the view?

"It was so kind of you to come!

And you are very nice!"

The Carpenter said nothing but

"Cut us another slice:

I wish you were not quite so deaf

I've had to ask you twice!"

"It seems a shame," the Walrus said,

"To play them such a trick,

After we've brought them out so far,