Practical part

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Описание работы

Shortening (including abbreviation) in communication is the process or result of representing a word or group of words by a shorter form of the word or phrase. The problems of shortened lexical units as specific language phenomena in modern languages attracted attention of many researchers. These problems are considered to numerous articles and separate researches of Russian and foreign authors.

Содержание работы

I. Introduction.
1.1. Common characteristics of the course work
1.2. General definition of homonyms
II. The Theoretical Part
2.1. Shortening of spoken words
2.2. Graphical abbreviations and acronyms
2.3. Abbreviations as the major type of shortenings
2.4. Specific groups of shortening
III. Practical part
3.1. “Cyber-English” for informal text messages, chat room chatting
3.2. The types of abbreviations on the newspaper “The USA today”
3.3. The modern type of shortening to abbreviate the telephone numbers
Conclusion
Bibliography

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     CDC – The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

     Cellphone – cellular telephone

     Co. – corporation

     Dec 6 – The sixth of December

     Dem – democrat

     Dems – democrats

     Dr.King – Doctor Martin Luther King Junior

     FDA – The Food and Drug Administration

     Fri – Friday

     Get2gether – get together

     Gov – government

     GP –general practitioner

     Hwy – high way

     Inc. – incorporated

     Iphone – instinct phone

     John McCain – American politician John MacCain

     Laptop – notebook PC

     LED – light-emitting diode

     LSU – American football team

     LW – long wave

     Martin Luther King Jr. - Martin Luther King Junior

     McEnroe – Mac Enroe

     Mich. – state Michigan

     MOD – Ministry of Defence

     Mon – Monday

     MP – member of Parliament

     Mpg – miles per gallon

     Mph – mile per hour

     N – North

     NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration

     NC – North California State

     NFL – National Football League

     NHS - National Health Service

     No. – number

     Nov. - November

     NY – New York State

     NYC – New York City

     NYSE – New York Stock Exchange

     o - degree (angle, temperature, proof of alcohol)

     Oct – October

     Ok – all correct

     Ph.D. – Doctor of Philosophy

     p.m. – (Lat. post meridiem) in the afternoon

     p.r. – public relations

     QC – quiet comfort

     Rep – republican

     RNC – Republican National Committee

     RSPCA - Royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals

     Rt. Hon. – Right honourable

     Sen. – Senator

     Sept. – September

     Sportcaster – sport broadcaster

     St.Louis – Saint Louis

     St.Paul – Saint Paul Cathedral

     Truckin’ – trucking

     TV – television

     ULEV – Ultra Low Emission Vehicle

     USA – United States of America

     VP – vice president

     Vs – versus (Lat)

     Washington D.C. – Washington District of Columbia

     Wed – Wednesday

     Xcel – excellent

     ®- registered trademark

     © - copyright 

 

     

     Appendix 6

     Economic sector abbreviations

     Stock footnotes

     U - indicates a new 52-week high

     d - indicates a new 52-week low

     h - does not meet continued-listing standarts

     if - late filing with the Securities and Exchange Commision

     n - new issue in the past 52-weeks

     rs - reserve stock split of at least 50% in the past 52-weeks

     s - split or stock dividend of 25% or more in the past 52 weeks, high-low range and dividend are adjusted

     wi - when issued

     vj - in bankruptcy or receivership or being reorganized under the Bankruptcy Act, or securities assumed by such companies 

     Mutual fund footnotes

     NAV - Net asset value

     NA – Data not available

     NE - Data in question; deleted by Lipper

     NS - Fund did not exist for entire period

     NN - Fund does not wish to be tracked

     YTD% - Year-to-date total return percent, including reinvested dividends and capital gains

     E - capital gain distribution previous day

     F - previous day’s quote

     X - cash dividend previous day 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

     Appendix 7

     List of English abbreviations & acronyms 

     @           at
     a/c      account
     AGM                  annual general meeting
     a.m.           ante meridiem  (before noon)  
     a/o           account of  (on behalf of)
     AOB           any other business        
     ASAP           as soon as possible
     CEO                  chief executive officer
     c/o           care of  (on letters : at the address of)
     COD           cash on delivery
     GNP           gross national product
     Inc              incorporated    
     etc           et caetera  (and so on)
     GMT           Greenwich mean time  (time in London)
     IOU           I Iowe you       
     Jr                 junior
     K                thousand  
     lb      pound (weight)        
     £      pound (money)        
     Ltd      limited company
     mo.      month
     no.      number
     N/A           not applicable
     NB      Nota Bene (it is important to note)
     p.a.           per annum  (per year)
     p.m.           post meridiem  (after noon)
     PR      public relations
     R & D      research and development
     qty      quantity
     RSVP      repondez s'il vous plait (please reply)
     VIP      very important person

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