Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 16 Ноября 2011 в 07:58, реферат
Shortening (including abbreviation) in communication is the process or result of representing a word or group of words by a shorter form of the word or phrase. The problems of shortened lexical units as specific language phenomena in modern languages attracted attention of many researchers. These problems are considered to numerous articles and separate researches of Russian and foreign authors.
I. Introduction.
1.1. Common characteristics of the course work
1.2. General definition of homonyms
II. The Theoretical Part
2.1. Shortening of spoken words
2.2. Graphical abbreviations and acronyms
2.3. Abbreviations as the major type of shortenings
2.4. Specific groups of shortening
III. Practical part
3.1. “Cyber-English” for informal text messages, chat room chatting
3.2. The types of abbreviations on the newspaper “The USA today”
3.3. The modern type of shortening to abbreviate the telephone numbers
Conclusion
Bibliography
CDC – The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Cellphone – cellular telephone
Co. – corporation
Dec 6 – The sixth of December
Dem – democrat
Dems – democrats
Dr.King – Doctor Martin Luther King Junior
FDA – The Food and Drug Administration
Fri – Friday
Get2gether – get together
Gov – government
GP –general practitioner
Hwy – high way
Inc. – incorporated
Iphone – instinct phone
John McCain – American politician John MacCain
Laptop – notebook PC
LED – light-emitting diode
LSU – American football team
LW – long wave
Martin Luther King Jr. - Martin Luther King Junior
McEnroe – Mac Enroe
Mich. – state Michigan
MOD – Ministry of Defence
Mon – Monday
MP – member of Parliament
Mpg – miles per gallon
Mph – mile per hour
N – North
NASA – National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NC – North California State
NFL – National Football League
NHS - National Health Service
No. – number
Nov. - November
NY – New York State
NYC – New York City
NYSE – New York Stock Exchange
o - degree (angle, temperature, proof of alcohol)
Oct – October
Ok – all correct
Ph.D. – Doctor of Philosophy
p.m. – (Lat. post meridiem) in the afternoon
p.r. – public relations
QC – quiet comfort
Rep – republican
RNC – Republican National Committee
RSPCA - Royal society for the prevention of cruelty to animals
Rt. Hon. – Right honourable
Sen. – Senator
Sept. – September
Sportcaster – sport broadcaster
St.Louis – Saint Louis
St.Paul – Saint Paul Cathedral
Truckin’ – trucking
TV – television
ULEV – Ultra Low Emission Vehicle
USA – United States of America
VP – vice president
Vs – versus (Lat)
Washington D.C. – Washington District of Columbia
Wed – Wednesday
Xcel – excellent
®- registered trademark
©
- copyright
Appendix 6
Economic sector abbreviations
Stock footnotes
U - indicates a new 52-week high
d - indicates a new 52-week low
h - does not meet continued-listing standarts
if - late filing with the Securities and Exchange Commision
n - new issue in the past 52-weeks
rs - reserve stock split of at least 50% in the past 52-weeks
s - split or stock dividend of 25% or more in the past 52 weeks, high-low range and dividend are adjusted
wi - when issued
vj
- in bankruptcy or receivership or being reorganized under the Bankruptcy
Act, or securities assumed by such companies
Mutual fund footnotes
NAV - Net asset value
NA – Data not available
NE - Data in question; deleted by Lipper
NS - Fund did not exist for entire period
NN - Fund does not wish to be tracked
YTD% - Year-to-date total return percent, including reinvested dividends and capital gains
E - capital gain distribution previous day
F - previous day’s quote
X
- cash dividend previous day
Appendix 7
List
of English abbreviations & acronyms
@ | at |
a/c | account |
AGM | annual general meeting |
a.m. | ante meridiem (before noon) |
a/o | account of (on behalf of) |
AOB | any other business |
ASAP | as soon as possible |
CEO | chief executive officer |
c/o | care of (on letters : at the address of) |
COD | cash on delivery |
GNP | gross national product |
Inc | incorporated |
etc | et caetera (and so on) |
GMT | Greenwich mean time (time in London) |
IOU | I Iowe you |
Jr | junior |
K | thousand |
lb | pound (weight) |
£ | pound (money) |
Ltd | limited company |
mo. | month |
no. | number |
N/A | not applicable |
NB | Nota Bene (it is important to note) |
p.a. | per annum (per year) |
p.m. | post meridiem (after noon) |
PR | public relations |
R & D | research and development |
qty | quantity |
RSVP | repondez s'il vous plait (please reply) |
VIP | very important person |