Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 01 Апреля 2013 в 20:44, контрольная работа
Перепишите и письменно переведите на русский язык следующие предложения , принимая во внимание , что объективный и субъективный инфинитивные обороты большей частью соответствуют придаточным предложениям.
3. Переведите на русский язык следующие .предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения-условия:
Контрольное задание № 4
Automation is know to have speed up both the development of rocket production and that of nuclear industry.
Известно,
что автоматизация ускоряет производство
ракет и ядерной
The new system of automatic control is likely to be used in the near future.
Новая система автоматического контроля, вероятно, будет использоваться в ближайшем будущем.
We know the existence of life on the Earth to depend upon the continuous receipt of enormous quantities of energy from the Sun.
Мы знаем, что существование жизни на Земле зависит от непрерывного получения огромного количества энергии от Солнца.
In recent years we have seen vast new progress take place in space research.
В последние годы мы стали свидетелями новых достижений, происходящие в космических исследованиях.
2. Переведите на русский язык следующие .предложения ,учитывая различия в переводе зависимого и независимого причастных оборотов:
Automation having been firmly established in space research, our spaceships employ automatic instruments in the study of cosmic space.
Ставшая автоматизация
, прочно вошла в космические
Having made a great many observations during their flights ,cosmonauts successfully fulfilled their programme.
Сделав много наблюдений в течение их полетов, космонавты успешно выполняли свою программу.
Space research is being developed rapidly in our country, automation being widely used in space research.
Космические исследования в настоящее время быстро развивается в нашей стране, автоматизация широко используется в космических исследованиях.
3. Переведите на русский язык следующие .предложения, содержащие придаточные предложения-условия:
A great number of stones lying on the Moon's surface proved that the lunar ground was firm enough and would not sink ,if it were stepped on ,walked across or put heavy weight upon.
Большое количество камней, расположенные на поверхности Луны, доказали, что лунная земля является достаточно устойчива и не сможет провалиться, если ступит нога, пройти или поместить тяжелый вес.
It would have been impossible to launch space rockets,if we had not the necessary polymeric materials and synthetic fuels.
Было бы невозможно запустить космические ракеты, если мы не имели необходимых полимерных материалов и синтетических топлив.
Financial institutions in the USA
Businesses that distribute or deal in money are called financial institutions. New institutions that meet new financial needs are appearing almost every day in the USA. The most familiar institutions are commercial banks, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions, investment banks, credit unions, investment banks and so on.
A commercial bank is a privately owned profit-making corporation. It serves both individuals and businesses by offering checking and saving accounts, loans , and credit cards. It also deals in some brokerage, insurance, and financial advice.
The commercial bank is the most important source of short term loans for businesses. Sometimes the borrowers pledge collateral to back up the loan. Such loan is a secured , loan. Companies with a good financial position are given the prime rate of interest which is the lowest commercial interest rate.
The commercial bank offers its customers accounts of two types : demand deposits and time
deposits. A demand deposit makes the money in it available to depositors to leave their money with the bank for a stated period of time.
Most banks offer their customers various savings certificates , called certificates of deposit.
Savers may put their money into thirty day, six month , or two and a half year certificates .The highest interest is paid to the customers who deposit their money for a longer period.
Banking services are not free and banks charge fees for them . Many banks assess a service fee if an account balance falls beneath a particular minimum , such as $ 200.
There are two types of commercial banks . A national bank is chartered by the federal government. About one third of all commercial banks are national. A state bank , which is smaller than a national bank, is chartered by an individual state.
Финансовые учреждения в США
Фирмы, которые распределяют или имеют дело в деньгах, называют финансовыми учреждениями. Новые учреждения, которые встречают новые финансовые потребности, появляются почти каждый день в США. Самые знакомые учреждения - коммерческие банки, сбережения и ассоциации ссуды, взаимные сберегательные банки, кредитные союзы, инвестиционные банки, кредитные союзы, инвестиционные банки и так далее.
Коммерческий банк - частная рентабельная корпорация. Это служит и людям и фирмам, предлагая проверку и экономию счетов, ссуд и кредитных карт. Это также имеет дело в некотором маклерстве, страховке и финансовой консультации.
Коммерческий банк - самый важный источник краткосрочных ссуд для фирм. Иногда заемщики обещают имущественный залог, чтобы поддержать ссуду. Такая ссуда - обеспеченный, ссуда. Компаниям с хорошим финансовым положением дают прайм-рейт интереса, который является самым низким темпом коммерческого интереса.
Коммерческий банк предлагает
свои потребительские счета
депозиты. Депозит требования делает деньги в нем доступными вкладчикам, чтобы оставить их деньги с банком в течение установленного промежутка времени.
Большинство банков предлагает
их клиентам различные
Спасатели могут поместить свои деньги в тридцатидневный, шестимесячное, или свидетельства двух с половиной лет.The самый высокий интерес заплачено клиентам, которые вносят их деньги в течение более длинного периода.
Банковские услуги не свободны,
и банки взыскивают взносы
за них. Много банков
Есть два типа коммерческих банков. Национальный банк учрежден федеральным правительством. Приблизительно одна треть всех коммерческих банков национальная. Госбанк, который меньше, чем национальный банк, учрежден отдельным государством.
REGULATION AND CONTROL OF FINANCIAL INSTITIONS.
There is central bank for all states in the USA called the Federal Reserve System ( the Fed ) which control various financial institutions .The government and members banks jointly own the Fed. All national banks are members of the systems .Member banks have a right to obtain funds by borrowing from their district reserve banks , to use various services which the system provides, to obtain financial advice and assistance and to receive a dividend on stock that the district bank owns.
The Fed controls the money supply and prevent the economy from crisis. Its most powerful tool in controlling the money supply is the reserve requirement. It is the percentage of all deposit that a bank must keep on hand at the bank to keep 20 percent of all funds on deposit , then they can loan out the other 80 percent to individuals and companies.
The Fed also sells and buys government securities ( bonds ) . When it buys governmental securities , it increases the money supply by putting more money in circulation. When the Fed sells government securities, it decreases the money supply.
The Fed is « the banker;s bank» because it lends money to member banks . The interest that the Fed charges is called the discount rate . The discount rate is an effective monetary tool. The Fed uses it to « fine tune» the economy and to influence the rate at which banks lend to their customers . The Fed also uses a set of credit controls. It establishes the margin requirement on credit purchases of stocks and bonds. The margin is the percentage that credit customers must pay in advance.
Besides its monetary functions , the Fed also clears checks by moving them from the bank on which they are drawn . The check travels electronically from one bank to another through the Federal Reserve Bank.
Besides its monetary functions, the Fed also clears checks by moving them from the bank where they were deposited to the bank on which they are drawn. The check travels electronically from one bank to another through the Federal Reserve Bank.
The government also insures deposits ill case of bank failure. The Federal Deposit insurance Corporation ( FDIC ) requires the bank to give customers information about their asset quality, capital and earning. This prevents customers from doing business with banks that are in trouble.
РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ И КОНТРОЛЬ ФИНАНСОВОГО УЧЕРЕЖДЕНИЯ
Есть центральный банк для
всех государств в США,
Федеральное правительство
Федеральное правительство
Федеральное правительство - «банкир; s банк», потому что это предоставляет деньги членским банкам. Проценты, которые начисляет Федеральное правительство, называют учетной ставкой. Учетная ставка - эффективный денежно-кредитный инструмент. Федеральное правительство использует его, чтобы "точно настроить" экономику и влиять на уровень, при котором банки предоставляют их клиентам. Федеральное правительство также использует ряд кредитного контроля. Это устанавливает требование края к покупкам в кредит запасов и облигаций. Край - процент, который клиенты кредита должны заплатить заранее.
Помимо его денежно-кредитных
функций, также очищается
Помимо его денежно-кредитных
функций, также очищается
Правительство также страхует
депозиты плохой случай
Cromwell was a country gentlemen , a farmer of Huntingdonshire , with no desire to be known in the world . He had wanted to leave England and find a new home in America where he would be free to worship as he wished , but the king had forbidden him to leave England . He had been in Parliament , a rough, ungraceful figure , unskillful as a speaker but known for his strength of character and his deep sincerity and religious feeling . Cromwell saw that if the Parliament army was to be victorious it must not only be as fearless and as full of faith in its own cause as the Cavaliers were in theirs , but it must be as well trained as Charles’s army –and , if possible , better trained.
He went to the eastern counties and gathered soldiers there, men specially picked for their courage , strength, horsemanship and religious felling . He said : « A few honest men are better than numbers. If you choose good , honest men to be captains of horse , honest men will follow them» . He trained his men in complete obedience , filled them with the desire to fight for freedom , Parliament and religion , combining the spiritual and the practical as in his famous order : « Trust in God, and keep your powder dry.»
Then when they were ready he led them into battle , and on that day his army – the Ironsides as they came to be known – did not give way. For the first time the Cavaliers had been held.
Several battles were won by the Parliamentary forces ; the kings army was in flight. Seeing that his cause was lost , he gave himself up , and was imprisoned in Carisbrooke Castle in the Isle of Wight. Finally he was brought to trial in London for having made war on his people and for being an enemy of his country. He was found guilty and sentenced to death . At his trial he behaved nobly and firmly, refusing to defend himself before a court which , he said , had no power to try him , and he received the death sentence with a calm courage.
Four days later , after a sad farewell to his younger children in St. James’s Palace , he walked across St. James’s Park through the snow to Whitehall and there, outside the palace, he was beheaded. Whatever may have been his faults in life, he bore himself like a real king in his last moments:
He nothing common did or mean
Upon that memorable scene,
But bowed his comely head
Down as upon a bed.
Cromwell now become ruler of England , not as king but as « Protector of the Commonwealth» , and for ten years he ruled England firmly but well. He could be merciless- his treatment of Ireland is one of the blots on his character- yet he loved mercy , and an age that was bitter with religious intolerance he was nobly tolerant . « The State , in choosing men to serve it.» , Cromwell wrote before the battle of Marston Moor , « takes no notice of their options . If they are willing ,faithfully to serve it, that is enough .» And from the field of Naseby , just after the victory , he wrote to the Speaker of the House of Commons : « Honest men served you faithfully in this action. Sir , they are trustworthy . I beg you in the name of God not to discourage them. He that risks his life for the liberty of his country , should have liberty of his conscience. In things of the mind we look for no compulsion but that of light and reason.».
It was he who really united England , Scotland and Ireland , who enforced justice and order at home and made England stronger and more respected abroad that she had ever been before in the whole of her history, and if he at times acted like a tyrant , he did it because in this , as in the execution of Charles, he saw that this was the only means of bringing order and peace in England .
His rough , harsh nature , like his stern , harsh face , did not inspire affection- though under the rough outward appearance there was kindness – but his strength , his unshakable honesty and his sincere religion made him respected as one of the greatest Englishmen.
КРОМВЕЛЬ
Cromwell был джентельменом страны, фермер из Huntingdonshire, без желания, быть известным в мире. Он хотел покинуть Англию и и найти новый дом в Америке, где он сможет свободно поклоняться, как он желал, но король запретил ему уезжать из Англии. Он состоял в Парламенте, грубой, неизящной фигурой, неквалифицированным как спикер, но известным силой своего характера , своей глубокой искренности и религиозного чувства. Cromwell понимал, что, если армия Парламента должна была быть победительницей, она должна быть не только бесстрашной и полной веры , как роялисты были в их, но это должно также обучаться как армия Charles - и, если это возможно, лучше обучалось.
Он перешел к восточным
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