Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 17 Февраля 2011 в 22:40, лекция
Primitive society on the territory of the British Isles
At the down of their history the peoples on this planet lived in primitive societies. These primitive peoples, wherever they lived, began their long path of progress with stone tools, but they didn’t reach the same time level of civilizations at the same time in different countries.
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milk for English industrial districts as well as the towns of North Wales. Oats root crops are drown here mainly for fodder.
Despite the small coalfield, industrialization has had little effect on North Wales. Recently two nuclear power stations were built: one in V, the other in Anglesey. They both supply power to the national grid system. Tourism is mainly concentrated in the northern coastal strip. On holy Island, which lies off the coast of Anglesey, is Holyhead, terminus of road and rail routs from London and chief ferry port, for services to the Irish public-via Dun Loaghaire (pronounced dunleary), near Dublin.
In general, Wales, which is the national outlying region of GB, faces serious social and economic problems, caused by the depression of its traditional industries. Unemployment remains high and the future of many miners and workers remains very uncertain.
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
1. Geographical position of regions
2. The main industry
3. Big cities of regions
4. Climate
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
“Agriculture of regions”
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Электрондық оқулық
2. Burlacova V.V. “The UK
of GB and Northern Ireland”
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Лекция
10
1.Лекция тақырыбы: A Nation of Immigrants
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. Geographical position of the USA
2. Native Americans
3. Лекция мақсаты: Аумақтық құрамын таныстыру. Ірі көлдер мен өзендер туралы мәлімет беру. Америка ұлтының қалыптасуы.
4.
Лекция мазмұны:
Америка халқының өзгешілігін, өмір сұру
ерекшеліктерін айтып өту. АҚШ дамуының
әртүрлі деңгейлеріндегі иммиграция.
1.Geographical position of the USA
The main landmass of the US lies in Central North America, with Canada to the North, Mexico to the South, The Atlantic Ocean to the East and the Pacific Ocean to the West. The two newest states, Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continental US: Alaska borders the North western Canada and Hawaii lies in the central Pacific.
The diversity of the country stems from the fact that it is so large and has so many kind of land ,climate and people .
The USA stretches 2,575 kilometers from North to South,4,500 kilometers from east to west. The deep green mountain forests of the northwest coast are drenched with more than 250 centimeters of rain each year.
A traveler from almost any other country can find points of the USA that remind him of home. There are pine forest dotted with lakes ,and mountain peaks covered with snow. There are meadows with brooks and trees and sea cliffs ,and wide grassy plains, and broad spreads of grapevines and sandy beaches.
The USA is too large and varied country to sum up in a short explanation. To understand some of its differences, it can be divided into six regions. Each regions is distinctive from the others economically, geographically, and ,in some ways, culturally
SIX REGIONS: The Northeast, The central basin ,The Southeast ,The Great Plains ,The mountains and Deserts, The Coast Valleys
1.THE NORHTEAST( THE MELTING POT)
This is the part of the US which most visitors see ,and the part that is most often described. The skyscrapers of New York, the steel mills of Pittsburg, the automobile assembly lines of Detroit-these symbols of industrial America belong to this region. Into this area of industry came millions of Europeans who made of it what became known as the ”melting pot” the fusion of people from many nations into Americans.
More than any other part of the country , this section reflects European culture and tradition .New York is the largest city, was bought from the Indians for a mere $24 worth of trinkets.
Now it is the financial center of the USA .New York is the welcoming port for most of the immigrants who saw ,as they sailed into its harbor ,the immense statue of liberty holding high her torch of freedom.
There are three other major seaports in the Northeast. All, like New York ,are great financial ,commercial and industrial centers. They are Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore. Boston was one of the first settlements and major cities and is the heart of the new England States.
PHILADELPHIA is where the Declaration of Independence and the constitution were drawn up and signed and where Benjamin Franklin, statesman and scientist ,lived ,Baltimore is a commercial and industrial center and important seaport.
THE CENTRAL BASIN
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The gently sloping land of the central Basin was once the frontier to those who crossed the Appalachian Mountains. In Illinois these pioneers reached the end of the great eastern forests .Before them was a rich grass land .The fertile soils and the long hot summers with enough rain were a farmer’s dream. There the states as Ohio , Indiana, Illinois ,Iowa and Nebraska which are known as the Corn Belt. The North part of this region is in Wisconsin and Minnesota which are cooler and more moist states in this region. There dairy farming flourishes. On a typical farm in the Central Basin the farmer will own about 87 hectares and plant one main crop. He will also have a large herd of livestock. All planting ,cultivating, fertilizing, spraying and harvesting he will do himself.
THE SOUTHEAST( land of change)
This Southeast region is changing more rapidly than any other part of the US-not because the land is new, but because the area’s old, exhausted land is being given new life.
The region is blessed with plentiful rainfall and a mild climate .On most of its farmlands ,crops can be grown without frost at last six month of the year .A transportation artery , the Mississippi River and its southern branches, runs through the heart of the area ,and other rivers are found near its coast. Crops grew easily in its soil, which is brown on the coastal plain, red on the low hillsides, and black in east Texas .The mountains contribute coal ,water ,and rich valleys . Florida is a garden for subtropical fruits. Some of the nation largest fields lie in the states of Louisiana and Texas .The region is naturally rich in forests and minerals.
Before the US declared its freedom from Great Britain in 1776,the economy of the colonies (both north and south)was predominantly agricultural.
The geography of the northeast did not fit well into this pattern and, with independence ,the northern states broke away from it. But the South, with its rich soil and ideal climate found its wealth in agriculture with such crops as tobacco, rice and indigo.
Industrial power, the energy that turns machines is being developed, at last ,for human use. For example ,natural gas is a great resource for industrial power, but it must be transported after it is taken from the ground .Today South has built new pipeline underground which carry this resource from the gas and oil fields to mines and mill sites.
THE GREAT PLAINS
The Great Plains begin with he 50 centimeters rainfall line which runs north and South almost through the center of the country .The traveler becomes aware of the difference in the atmosphere once he crosses this invisible line .This is a land of extreme heat and extreme cold. It is a land where water is worth more than property. It is almost flat, rising imperceptibly for 640 kilometers until it suddenly meets the mountains to the West.
Nowhere is the rainfall more unpredictable or the climate more violent. For two or three years there may be enough rain .Then there is a year when no rain falls, when the streams from the mountains dry up and their channels are filled with sand .The wind blows constantly .It is very hot from July to September ,but it the winter snow covers houses.
The Great Plains is a hard
country. The heat of the summer is scorching
(hot),the winter is freezing .The wind
blows fiercely with few hills or
forests to stop it , from Montana on the
Canadian border to the Mexican
border state of Texas .Water
is precious. Its scarcity drove the settlers
on across the plains as far
as they could go .Only Red
Indians knew how to survive here.
They captured the wild horses, descended
from those that escaped from Spanish
explores in the 16th century ,and
hunted the buffalo, that provided them
with most of their food, clothing and
tools.
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THE MOUNTAINS AND DESERTS region like the Great Plains did not attract settlers at first. It was a fearful area, to be crossed as quickly as possible to reach the Pacific coast. Seeking land and gold , the settler at first found neither until they reached the Pacific slopes .But then gold was found at Pikes Peak and in a few other parts of the Rocky mountains. Clearly ,there was gold in the Rockies and men hurried back ,faster than they had hurried through.
The Majestic Rocky mountains stretch all the way from Mexico to the Arctic, like the Alps, they are high , sharp and rugged. Compared with the Appalachians in the East ,they are young and their faces of bare rock are capped with snow ,even to the south. In the high valleys, there are remains of the glaciers, while below them there are clear, icy lakes.
The Rocky mountains are the long backbone of the continent –over 4,200 meters high and 560 kilometers wide in Utah and Colorado ,because of its unusual and varied natural beauty, much of this mountain and desert region has been preserved unspoiled in national parks such as Yellowstone in Wyoming and Death Valley in California.
Today about 170,000sq.kilometres of deserts. In the 960 kilometers between Salt lake city ,Utah and Peno ,Nevada ,there is nothing but dead lakes ,dry rivers, snakes and small animal life, enormous mineral wealth ,and the inhuman beauty of the desert.
Most of Rocky Mountain gold is gone today . Some other minerals also vanished much too quickly due to mining methods. While soil can gradually be restored and trees planted on bare hillsides ,the mineral wealth of the earth can not be re-created.
Today the nation’s largest open-hit copper mining center is Bingham, Utah, in one of the Great basin ranges.
Modern industry demands more and more of the nation’s mineral wealth.
Each new electric plant needs many kilometers of copper wire: machines require iron ,lead and other minerals .Coal, oil and natural gas must drive the machines.
States like Texas and Oklahoma long have been noted for their oil production, but the west also has vast new energy reserves.
The West is the site for the development of alternative energy sources. Wind-power experiments conducted in New Mexico eventually may lead to installations providing two percent of the nation’s electrical power.
Sunny Colorado ,New Mexico and California ,along with numerous other states, are important testing grounds for solar energy.
THE WEST COAST VALLEYS
When Americans began to move to the Far West-before any gold discoveries in the region the entire Pacific Coast attracted them. Why did they come, these men ,women and children from the East? Why did they endure the frightful trials of the plains, the mountains, the deserts? Why did they want so much to move West?
The Americans came because they wanted more space, free land ,a freer life ,and perhaps a fortune, too.
The Pacific Coast ,from San Francisco to Seattle ,was first reached by English ,Russian and other explorers. Some established fur trading posts.
All three Pacific Coast states-Washington, California and Oregon –face toward the Orient. Cargoes of fish timber and fruit are shipped from the ports of San Francisco, Portland and Seattle to Asia. There is a large Chinese Community in San Francisco.
Quaint cable cars clang up and down its sleep hills and ships sail from the Pacific Ocean under the sweeping span of the Golden Gate Bridge in San Francisco Bay, one of the world’s finest land-locked harbors.
Seattle
is the gateway to Alaska ,the 49th
state. In order to get to Alaska a
person must take a boat or airplane.
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The
50th state is Hawaii, it is a string
of sun-drenched islands over 3.200 kilometers
out in the Pacific Ocean from the
coast of California. Pineapple plantation of
Waikiki Beach are world famous. People living
here speak of the rest of
the US as the Mainland.
5. Бақылау сұрақтары:
The landmass of the USA
6. Лекция тақырыбына сәйкес СӨЖ тапсырмалары:
Why do Immigrants come to the USA?
7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:
1. Stevenson D.K American Life and Institutions
2. Tomakhin Y. Across
the USA
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Лекция
11
1.Лекция тақырыбы: 1. Geographical position of the USA
2. Лекция жоспары:
1. The river
2. Nation of immigrants
3. Лекция мақсаты: АҚШ-тың иеліктері, олардың экономикалық маңыздылығын үйрету.
4.
Лекция мазмұны:
АҚШ-тың алты бөлшектерін талқылау, олардың
географикалық жағдайы туралы әңгіме
жүргізу.
THE RIVERS:
1.Mississippi
2.Missouri
3.Ohio
4.Columbia
5.Colorado
6.Rio
Grande
The Mississippi is one of the world’s great continental rivers , like the Amazon in South America, the Congo in Africa ,the Volga in Europe, or the Ganges, Amur in Asia .Its waters are gathered from two-thirds of the United States and, together with the Missouri (its chief western branch),the Mississippi flows some 6,400 kilometers from its northern sources in the Rocky mountains to the Gulf of Mexico, which makes it one of the world’s longest waterways.
The Mississippi has been called the “father of waters”. Through all its lower course it wonders along ,appearing lazy and harmless.
Where the Missouri pours into the Mississippi from the West is colours the river deep brown with small pieces of soil. Father downstream, where the clear waters of the principal eastern tributary the Ohio join the Mississippi, evidence of the difference between the dry west and raining east becomes apparent. For kilometers ,the waters of the two rivers flow on side by side, without mixing. Those from the west are brown, they have robbed the soil in areas of vegetation. The waters from the east are clear and blue; they come from hills and valleys where plentiful forest and plant cover has kept the soil from being washed away.