The down of British History

These  institutions  do not give  higher  education, they prepare  a variety  of  professions  for   industry and  commerce such as sewing, typing, book-keeping and many  others.

The UK  post  school institution  of higher  education  are universities, polytechnics and  other  higher  education  colleges.

There are   different universities in the country. Admission  to  universities is by   examination  or  selection  (interviews).British  students  get  grants   from   their  local  education  authority.

3. Universities

A  university  graduate   leaves   with a  degree. It  usually  takes  three   years  to  get a  BACHELOR  OF  ARTS  or   BACHELOR  OF  SCIENCE  DEGREE.

A  MA  or  MS degree  may  be   got  in one  or two  additional  years .

Universities  are  centers   of  research  as  well  as   teaching  and  many    postgraduates   are   engaged  in  research   for   higher  education. The highest academic   degree is the Doctor of   Philosophy. British universities greatly differ   from each other. They differ in date   of foundation, size, history, traditions and   general organization.

Higher education   has   become   more   available   in the second   half   of the 20th century.

In  1960  there   were    less  than  25 universities in  Britain. By  1980  there  were   already  more  than  40,and  by  1995  there    were   over  a  hundred   institutions  with   the    universities.

There  are  no  great   distinctions   between  different  types  of  universities  in  Britain. But  still there   are  some   categories  of   them .First  of  all ,Oxbridge. Oxford  and  Cambridge  were   founded  in  the   medieval  period. These  universities  consist  of  semi- independent  colleges  each  of  them   having  its  own  staff (“Fellows”).The  “Fellows”  teach  the  college   students  either  one-to-one  or  in  very  small  groups. This   system  is   unique  in the  world  and  known as  tutorials  in  Oxford and   supervisions  in  Cambridge. 

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Then, Scottish universities. By 1600 Scotland   had   4 universities-Glasgow, Edinburgh, Aberdeen  and  St.Andrews  resembles  Oxbridge   very  much. In the  other   three  most  of    the  students   live  at   home  or  find   their  rooms. There is less specialization than   at Oxbridge.

     During  the  19^th century   various  institutions  of  higher  education(usually  technical  ones)were   founded  in  the  industrial  towns  and cities   such  as  Birmingham, Manchester  and  Leeds. Their  buildings  were   of  local   bricks so  they  got  the   name “redbrick” universities. They    contrasted   chiefly   with Oxford and Cambridge. At  first, they  prepared  students   for  London  University  degree, but  later  they  were     given  the right  to  award  their  own   degrees. They   become   universities themselves. Now they accept students from all  over   the  country. These universities   are financed by  local  authority.

One  of the developments  in  education  in   Britain  is  certainly  the  open  university .It  was  founded   in  1971. Some  people  don’t   have  an   opportunity   to  study   full-time, and  this   university  allows  them  to  study   for  degree.

This  university ‘s courses  are  taught   through television, radio and  course books. Its  students  work   individually  and  with  tutors ,to  whom, they  sound  their  papers. The  students  discuss   their  work  at  meetings  or  through  correspondence. In  summer they  attend   short   courses.

OXBRIDGE

Oxford  and  Cambridge are   the   oldest  universities   in  Great   Britain. They  are  called Oxbridge   to denote  an elaterium education.

Oxford  and Cambridge   universities  consist   of a  number  of   colleges, each  self-governing  and  independent. Before  1970  most  of  all  Oxbridge  universities  were   single-sex(mostly  for  men).But  now  the  majority  admit   both  sexes. The  administrative   body  of  the  university  consists  of  the   chancellor (who   is  elected   for  life),the  vice-chancellor(who is  in practice  the  head of  the university, and  is  appointed by the Chancellor) and  two people, whose  job  is  to  maintain  discipline. Each college has its staff called “FELLOWS”

The largest colleges have  more  than 400 students, the smallest have  less than 30.

OXFORD  is  one  of  the oldest  universities  in  Europe. It  didn’t  come  into  being   all  at  once. Oxford  had   existed  as  a  city  for  at last  300 years   before   scholars  began  to resort  to  it .

The end  of  the 12^th  century   saw   the real   beginning   of  the  university . The first group of  scholars were from  Paris and from  other  parts   of  Britain.

A characteristic   feature   of  Oxford  is  that  many   traditions  of the  middle   ages  are  still  current  there.  One  of  them   is  that   the  students   have  to wear  gowns .

    

5. Бақылау сұрақтары:

1. Primary Education

2. Secondary  Education

3. Technical schools

4. Colleges

5. Universities

6. Лекция тақырыбына  сәйкес  СӨЖ тапсырмалары:

“Oxford University”, “Cambridge University”

7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:

1. Электрондық  оқулық

2. Burlacova V.V. “The UK of GB and Northern Ireland” 
 
 
 
 
 

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Лекция 7 

1.Лекция  тақырыбы: The  main economic regions

2. Лекция жоспары:

1. The south industrial and agricultural region

2. Midlands

3. Лекция мақсаты:  Ірі порттармен таныстыру.Ауылшаруашылықтың маңызың түсіндіру.

4. Лекция мазмұны:  Негізгі экономикалық аудандар және қалалармен таныстыру. Олардың географиясы.

1. The main economic regions.

      Regional differences in the country’s economy are essential despite its small territory. Historically England proper is divided into the following economic regions the South industrial and Agricultural region, Central England or the Midlands, Lancashire, Yorkshire and North England. Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are also regarded as independent economic regions of the United Kingdom. Hence, the whole country consists of eight economic regions.

       The South industrial and agricultural region.

      This is the most important region in the country in terms of industry, agriculture and population. The region includes all the south of England, both the south-west. It’s the northern border runs from the Bristol Channel to the west. The south is the region of various industries and of the intensive agriculture. At the centre of everything is the city of London and its influence has become so widespread that the south-east has often been called The London City Region.

      Today about 6.7 million people live in greater London. The outward movement of people from the inner districts of London is continuing. Its geographical position fitted London to be the chief commercial link of the UK with the outside world. One great advantage of the port, because of its high tides, was the ability of the vessels to sail up the estuary into the heart of the city. London handles the largest part of the country’s overseas trade. From 5 to 10 per cent of the exports (by tonnage) pass through the port of London and 15-20 per cent of imports. The millions of people living in Greater London and its surrounding areas provide a market for many important goods, especially food stuffs.

      The importance of London as the industrial centre depends largely upon its situation at the centre of a vast national and international network of communications. The oldest industrial areas are near the city centre here industries such as clothing, furniture making and jewelry have tended to cluster in small distinct areas. The building of the docks near the city centre encouraged the development of a vast range of industries which processed imported row materials. Later the extension of the thee dock system toward the sea lead to the development of such typical port industries, as oil refining, steel-making, cement manufacture, paper making , etc.

      As with most capital cities, London’s industries are extremely varied, among them electrical engineering, precision instrument production, radio engineering, aircraft production, manufacture of electronics equipment, the motorcar industry. These high technology industries are also sited in the satellite towns within Greater London. For example, just within Greater London, at Dagenham is the great Ford motor work. The chemicals and munitions industries are also developed in this region. Greater London is a major centre of pharmaceutical products. Greater London accounts for 25 per cent of the industrial goods of the country’s output in terms of value.

      London has greater expansion in recent years; especially in the service industries provide employment for twice as many people as manufacturing industries. This is due to the enormous  

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concentration of population in the city and the resultant need for service industries which occur there on a scale found now here else in Britain. For example, more then half of the national labor force employed in banking and insurance, the civil service and scientific research, work in London. Thousands of computers travel to central London each day to work in offices, banks, insurance, companies and shops. Add to this the work force catering for the tourist trade.

      The other towns and cities, situated to the north of the Thames, and closely connected with the capital industrial specialization are Oxford, Cambridge and Luton.

      Oxford has first mentioned in recorded history in the tenth century. It was a bridging point off the Themes, which made it an important trading centre in medieval times.

      Oxford (98000) also became a leading educational centre, and by the end of the thirteenth century the earliest colleges of its world famous university had been founded. For centuries, however, its population drew slowly, and its more rapid development into an industrial centre waited till the twenties century. This come with the establishment of a large motor works in the suburb of Cowley in 1912, which together with other engineering works, was largely responsible for the rapid rise n its population reaching today about a hundred thousand inhabitants.

      Cambridge (90000) is also best known for its ancient university. As with Oxford, the fine architecture of its colleges draws many visitors. Its industries, concerned with electronics including the manufacture of radio and television sets and scientific research instruments and printing have links with the university which has as international reputation for scientific research, facilities for high technology research and highly trade labor that can be recruited from the university.

      Luton ((164000) provides an example of a town which became famous for one industry but prospered and expanded because of another. Luton became the countries leading hat-making town, straw from the local crop furnishing the raw material. But the demand has shrunk greatly in recent years.

      Early this century a motor car firm built its principal factory at Luton. The motor works is the chief employer. It also attracted other engineering industries

such as the manufacture of electrical appliances roller, bearing, etc. Nearby there is also one of the largest brickworks in Western Europe. The basic raw material, clay is extracted locally.

      The Thames valley in general, between London and Bristol is an area of concentration of high technology industries of the future.

      Bristol (384400) dominated south-west England, both as the region’s chief as its largest city. Bristol is a historic inland port situated in the seaport and Bristol Channel. If we look into the history of the port, we find that it once held a far more important position than it does today. Today it accounts for about 2 per cent of the country’s trade. One reason for the decline of Bristol as the seaport as its unfavorable location about 13 km above mouth of the Avon. This meant in course o time its clocks could no longer accommodate the larger vessels that were constantly being built. Outposts to Bristol were built at Avon-mouth and Potsherd: an out port is one that belongs to the main port, but is nearer the open sea and therefore has deeper water and can accommodate larger vessels. Avon-mouth has been specially equipped to handle various goods, such as imported frozen meat, butter, bananas. Import exceeds export. Different ores make a considerable percentage of the import as well as timber, grain, fodder. Automobile, tractors, locomotives, aircraft, cement from the export trade. Imports influence the character of local industries. This is very well seen in the manufacture of tobacco products and chocolate n Bristol is a major centre of non-ferrous metallurgy hardware is also produced in this city. The British version of the supersonic ‘Concor-Norwich Cathedral de ‘was assembled at an aircraft plant in Bristol. The chemical and petrochemical industries are also developing in rapid place.

      Of the towns situated on the southern fringe of England the largest ones are Plymouth (244,000), Southampton (204000) Portsmouth (179000), Brighton (146000) and Bournemouth (145000).  

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      Plymouth, situated at the head of Plymouth Sound, has a magnificent natural harbor, and it is well placed to guard the western approaches to the English Channel. Nearly 300 years ago work began on a dockyard nearby and from then on wards the great naval base of the British navy. The city has no major traditional industry and the naval dockyard remains the leading employers of labor. However, in recent years it has attracted a variety of light engineering industries such as the manufacture of television sets. The food industry has also developed due to its role as an importer of fruit and vegetables from France and the Mediterranean area.

      Southampton is primarily a seaport, the most important one on the south coast. For a long time it was the leading passenger port in the British Isles, with special significance for its services to North America and South Africa. It was from here on April 12, 1912 that the famous Titanic made its first and last voyage to New York. The distinction belongs to the past, however, for most travelers now cross the Atlantic by air. Southampton continues to serve as a port chiefly because of the development of its freight traffic. Many of the vessels which enter Southampton port are oil tankers carrying petroleum to the great oil refinery at Fawley. Petroleum in fact is the most valuable single item in the imports. This

refinery supplies fuel to power stations, raw material to chemical works, and aviation spirit to London Airport (Heathrow). Its expanding petrochemical industry has contributed much to the prosperity of Southampton.

      Brighton and Bournemouth are the leading and most popular seaside resorts of the southern fringe of Britain. Brighton offers every kind of holiday accommodation, a generally brisk sunny climate, a variety of amusements. Brighton is a favorite site for the annual congresses of the leading political parties of Great Britain. The town has grown steadily and has acquired a number of light engineering industries. Brighton is also a dormitory town of London, for its houses many commuters. Bournemouth too attracts a lot of holiday-makers in the summer. As a matter of fact, F.Engels frequented this seaside resort in the later years of his life. There are the other numerous resorts on the southern shore very popular with holiday-makers because of the mild climate, warm seas and wonderful beaches.

      The south is major agricultural region of Great Britain. However agricultural specialization is different in the south west and south east and east. Owing to the mild, moist climate of the south west, grass grows for a long period in the year, and farming chiefly consists of rearing livestock. On the fertile lowland soils cattle are the principal farm animals, especially dairy breeds which thrive on the lush pastures. Hence, dairying is the main farming activity here. Oats are barley make up the principal cereal. The farmer are grown for fodder for thee cattle. In the very south-west horticulture is developed^ the growing of early vegetables and flowers. In the very south of the country barley is the most important grain crop grown in rotation.

2. The Midlands

   The Midlands is situated in the center of Great Britain between the South Industrial Agricultural region in the south and Lancashire and Yorkshire in the north. For the past two hundred years the Midlands has been one of Britain’s leading industrial regions.

   It was the presence of coalfields, especially the South Staffordshire coalfields. Today it is one of the chief industrial areas in the United Kingdom. Quite often it is called the Birmingham /Black Country.

   Birmingham itself stands outside the district known as the Black Country: a district lying west and north-west of the city. During the nineteenth century the area emerged as a center of heavy industry and the coal field towns became most important. Exploitation of the coal field devastated large areas of land. Much of the early prosperity depended upon one industry – the iron industry. Today the region produces less than five per cent of the country’s steel output and this small industry depends upon scrap metal and steel brought in from the major producing areas.

   Although the basic iron and steel industry has virtually disappeared, the industries which depend upon it, particularly engineering. With the changes in industry have dome changes in

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surface features, and the Black Country is beginning to lose its image. However many of the problems created in the past still prevail today.

   Birmingham is the industrial capital of the Midlands. In population (998,200) it’s the second largest city in Britain.

   It has been said that Birmingham makes everything from a pin to a steam roller, but it is best known for its hardware. The motor industry employs thousands of workers.

   Birmingham also makes bicycles, but its motor-cycle industry has declined, largely owing to Japanese competition. On the other hand, the city has its long tradition of making guns and has an international trade in sporting guns. Jewelry manufacture became a major industry, and Birmingham remains the country’s leading centre. The city is a major producer of consumer goods, are also developed. Among the manufacture of food products, cocoa and chocolate occupy a prominent place.