The down of British History

      This means that not only marine influences to warm the land in winter and cool it in summer, but also that the winds blowing over the Atlantic have a similar effect and at the same time carry large amounts of moisture which is deposited over the land as rain, Britain's climate is generally one of mild winters and cool summers, with rain throughout the year, although there are considerable regional changes.

      Rainfall is fairly well distributed throughout the year, put on average, March to June are the driest month and October to January the wettest.

5. Бақылау сұрақтары:

1. The UK area

2. Hebrides  Islands

3. England

4. Wales

5. Scotland

6. Northern Ireland

6. Лекция тақырыбына  сәйкес  СӨЖ тапсырмалары:

7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:

1. Электрондық  оқулық

2. Burlacova V.V. “The UK of GB and Northern Ireland” 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Лекция 4 

1.Лекция  тақырыбы: Political system of Britain  

2. Лекция жоспары:

1. A constitutional monarchy

2. Parliament

3. Government

3. Лекция мақсаты:  Британияның конститутциясы және оның ерекшеліктері туралы айтып өту.

4. Лекция мазмұны:  Конституциялық монархия және оның рөлі.Лордтар палатасы,оның құрылысы және құқығы. Қауым палатасы.

1. Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy

     Great Britain is a constitutional monarchy. Although the power of the monarch (king or queen) is limited by Parliament, political stability owes much to the monarchy, the continuity of which has been interrupted only once (the republic of 1649- 1660) in over a thousand years. The queen (king) reigns, but she ( he) doesn’t rule. The acts on the advice of her (his) Prime Minister and doesn’t make any major political decisions. The monarch summons and dissolves the Parliament, opens the annual session of the Parliament and addresses to the MPs with the speech from the throne. The Royal residences are Buckingham Palace in London, Holy Roodhouse in Edinburgh and Windsor Castle in the suburbs of London.

     In law the Queen is Head of the executive, an integral part of the legislature, head of the judiciary, the Commander-in-chief of all the armed forces of the Crow and the “supreme governor” of the established Church of England. As a result of a long process of evolution, during which the monarchy’s absolute power has been progressively reduced, the Queen is impartial and acts on the advice of her ministers.

The Queen and the royal family take part in many traditional ceremonies. Their visits to different parts of Britain and to many other countries attract considerable interest and publicity, and they are also closely involved in the work of many charities.

The British Parliament consists of the House of Lords and the House of Commons and the Queen as its head.

2. Parliament

     Parliament is a supreme legislative body. England was the first country to have a Parliament. British Parliament consists of the monarch, the House of Lords (Upper Chamber) and the House of Commons (Lower Chamber). British Parliament holds its sittings in the Palace of Westminster. The Palace of Westminster mostly known as the House of Parliament is situated on the embankment of the Thames. It is famous for its two great towers: Big Ben and Victoria tower. Big Ben belongs to the part of Westminster Palace which comprises the House of Commons. Victoria Tower is situated in the part of Westminster Palace which belongs to the House of Lords. When Parliament has a session there is a national flag on the Tower of Victoria. Besides two main chambers the Palace of Westminster has a number of working rooms for secretariat and deputies, rooms for the meeting of parliament committees, cafes, restaurants and libraries.

  The main functions of the Parliament are law-making, control of the government, granting sanctions to taxes and state expenses. but as far as the law making function is concerned , only the House of Commons can propose the law. A proposed law, which is called a bill, is introduced by ministers on behalf of the British Government. Some deputies can also bring in bills. Such bills are called private members’ bills. In order to become an Act of Parliament a bill must pass through both Houses and the Royal assent.

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3. Government

     The British Parliamentary system depends on political parties. Most members of the government comprise representatives of the party which wins a majority of the seats in the House of Commons at a general election. The leader of the majority party becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister forms the government which usually consists of 60 or 70 ministers. Each minister is responsible for a particular area in the government. From these 60 or 70 ministers the Prime Minister chooses a small group of 20 representatives. This group i9s called the Cabinet of Ministers or just the Cabinet. The Cabinet is appointed by the monarch on the advice of the Prime Minister. The Cabinet Ministers are the holders of the most important offices, for example, Chancellor of the Exchequer, the Home Secretary, Foreign Secretary, the Minister of Defense, the Minister of Health.

     The Cabinet defines the main trends of the British Government policy. The Cabinet works under the head of the Prime Minister. Frequent Cabinet meetings take place in the Prime Minister’s residence of (10, Downing Street). The power of the Cabinet is controlled by Parliament, for no bill which a minister prepares can become law until it is passed by an Act of Parliament.

5. Бақылау сұрақтары:

1. British constitution

2. Parliament

3. House of Commons.

4. House of Lords.

6. Лекция тақырыбына  сәйкес  СӨЖ тапсырмалары:

“Great Britain is a constitutional country”

7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:

1. Электрондық  оқулық

2. Burlacova V.V. “The UK of GB and Northern Ireland” 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Лекция 5 

1.Лекция  тақырыбы: Political system of Britain

2. Лекция жоспары:

1. House of Commons

2. House of Lords

3. Political parties

3. Лекция мақсаты:  Үкіметтің министрлер кабинетімен таныстыру. Сайлау жүйесі

4. Лекция мазмұны:  Үкіметтің маңыздылығын және ролін анықтау. Сайлау жүйесінің ерекшеліктерін түсіндіру. 

1. House of Commons

     The House of Commons comprises 650 elected members, who are known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members of the Parliament are the representatives of local communities. At a general election held every five years, ordinary people elect one person from their constituency to be their Member of Parliament. That is why  Lower Chamber of Parliament is called  the House of Commons. The House of Commons hold sessions which last for 160-170 days. MPs are paid for their parliamentary work and they have to attend the sittings.

     The House of Commons is presided by the Speaker. The speaker is elected by the House of Commons. Although the Speaker belongs to one of the parties he has to be unprejudiced. His function is to keep order. He controls who speaks and for how long. The speaker wears a long wig and sits in the Speaker’s Chair in the Hall of the House of Commons.

Speaker’s Chair stands at the North end. In front of it there stands the Table of the House which is occupied by the Clerk of the House and two Clerk assistants. There are benches for the Government and its supporters to the right of the Speaker. To the left of the Speaker there are benches occupied by the Opposition. There are also Cross benches at the South end of the Hall which is occupied by the members of any other parties. The front bench of the Government is called the Treasury Bench and used by the Prime Minister and other ministers. The front benches of the Opposition are occupied by its leaders. Those who sit on the front benches of both parties are called front benchers. The back benches belong to the rank-and-file MPs (back benchers).

     The House of Commons plays the major part in law making. A Bill may be introduced by any MP, in practice it is generally introduced by a Minister. In order to become a law a bill has to go through three stages of reading in the House of Commons, then have the Agreement of the House of Lords and the Royal assent.

The first reading is just publication and distribution of the proposal among the MPs. There is no debate or discussion. The second reading includes debate, discussion and criticizing. The Speaker asks the House to vote. If bill passes the second reading it goes to a committee. The third reading is called a report stage. The Bill is discussed in detail and many alterations may be made. Then the Speaker receives the report of the Committee and asks the House to vote again. If

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the Bill gets a majority vote, it goes to the House of Lords.

2. House of  Lords

     The House of Lords consists of more than 1000 members, but only 250 take an active part in the work of the House. The members of the House are the Lords “Temporal” (i.e. Barons, Earls, Marquises and Dukes) and the Lords “Spiritual”(i.e. the Archbishops of Canterbury, the Archbishop of York, and twenty- four Bishops).

The Lords “Temporal” can be hereditary peers and peeresses and life peers and peeresses. Life peers and peeresses receive their peerages as a reward for service and their children do not inherit the title.

     Members of the House of Lords are not elected. They sit there because of their rank. The Chairman of the Upper Chamber is the Lord Chancellor. He sits on a special picturesque seat which is called the Woolsack. It is a large bag of wool covered with red cloth. This tradition goes back to the period of the reign of Edward III (XIYc.). The Woolsack is a reminder of the time when England’s commercial prosperity was founded on her wool exports.

The Lords debate a bill if it has passed by the House of Commons. They only have power to delay a bill ( if it isn’t a financial one). They can throw it out once, but if the bill is presented a second time they must pass it. 

5. Бақылау сұрақтары:

1. Conservative party

2. Labour party

6. Лекция тақырыбына  сәйкес  СӨЖ тапсырмалары:

“The distinguishing feature of the British parliamentary system”

7. Қажетті әдебиеттер:

1. Электрондық  оқулық

2. Burlacova V.V. “The UK of GB and Northern Ireland” 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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Лекция 6

1.Лекция  тақырыбы: Educational system

2. Лекция жоспары:

1. School education

2. Post-school education

3. Universities

3. Лекция мақсаты: Бастауыш білім беру. Орта білім мектептерінің түрлері, олардың сипаттамасы.Университет және колледжердің системасымен танысу.

4. Лекция мазмұны: Халық білім беру жүйесін ұйымдастыру негіздерін, халыққа білім беру  ісін басқару. Емтихан мен тесттер туралы.

     There  are  3 stages  of  education  in  GREAT  BRITAIN: primary, secondary  and further  education. Primary and  secondary stages are  school  education. Further education  means  post-school  education. Compulsory school  education   lasts  11 years, from the age  of  5 to 16.

After the age of 16 young people can take further education. They can  leave  school  but  continue their  education  in  a  further  education  college, or they  can  continue  studying at  school  until 18 years  and  then  enter  institutions of  higher education or  universities.

1. SCHOOL EDUCATION

  There is compulsory secondary education  in Great  Britain. All children must, by  law ,begin their  school education  at the  age  of 5 the  minimum  age for leaving  school is 16.

There are  schools  maintained  by state  and private. Maintained schools in Great Britain are free. In private (or  independent) schools parents   have to  pay  for  their  children’s  education. Education in the maintained  schools  usually  consists  of  two-stages-primary and secondary  or three  stages – first schools, middle schools  and upper schools. In most schools  boys  and girls  are taught  together. Pre-schools education can be  taken  from three  to five in  nursery  schools  or nursery  classes of primary  schools.

Great  Britain has  a great  number of  various  types  of  schools, primary schools, middle schools, grammar, technical ,secondary modern schools, comprehensive  schools  and  other.

A) PRIMARY  EDUCATION

     On the first  stage  of  school  education – primary stage  children   study  in primary  school  from  the age of 5 to 11.The primary  school  may  be  divided into  two  parts: infant  and  junior.

The  infant  school  takes children  from 5 to 7,after  which they  continue studying  in the junior school  from 7 to 11.

At infant school children learn reading, writing and arithmetic. They also sing, draw, do physical exercises. At junior school children have arithmetic, reading, composition, history, geography, nature study, art and music, physical education.

At 11, after finishing primary school course, children go to second  stage   of school education-secondary school.

Middle  school  teach  children  between  8 and 14 (8-12,9-13,9-14)after  which  pupils go to  comprehensive school.

B) SECONDARY EDUCATION

Secondary education is compulsory  for all  up  to the  age  of  16.There are  different  types  of secondary schools: grammar, technical, modern and  comprehensive  schools.

GRAMMAR SCHOOLS take only children who have good results of the “11 plus examination (11+)”. It is an  examination  for children  of 11 years  old  or  a  little  older( eleven plus  some  months). It consists of an arithmetic paper, an English paper and an   intelligence test.

Grammar school  gave  academic   education for  the   selected  pupils  from the age   of 11 to 18,and  prepare  them  for  higher  education. The  general level  of education in these school  is  very high. The school teaches English language and   literature, modern languages, Latin, Mathematics, physics, Chemistry, Biology, history, Geography and other subjects.

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TECHNICAL  SCHOOLS  as  well  as  grammar schools  educate  selective  pupils. But they  are specialized  in  technical studies. The  main  subjects are  science and  mathematics.

Secondary modern  school  give a  general ,non-academic  education  up  to the minimum  school  leaving  age  of  16.After finishing  this school   pupils   cannot  enter  higher   educational  establishments.

Comprehensive school  are  the most   popular schools  in  Britain  today(especially  in England and  Wales).These schools  take   all the children   in a given  area  without  selecting  examination .All the same  time they  offer all  the courses  taught in the  three  traditional  schools  described   above-academic  and practical subjects .So comprehensive  schools are  much  bigger  then the later.

COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL  take the following  age ranges : from 11 to  18 (after primary  schools ) from 12,13 or 14 to 18 years (after middle schools ),and  from  11 to 16 years.

All state  schools  have  a National Curriculum. It  consists  of 10 subjects  which  all  the  children   must  study   at   school. The subjects are English, Mathematics, Science, a modern  foreign  language.(for  11-16 years  olds),Technics and  Design ,History, Geography ,Music ,Art, Physical  education .Pupils  progress  in  subjects  is   measured  by   written  and  practical  tests.

The   National  Curriculum  aims  to  ensure   all  children   study  basic  subjects  and  have a better  all-round education.

After 5 years  of  secondary  education  pupils  take  principal  examinations  for  the   General  certificate   of secondary  education(GCSE) After   the  GCSE advanced (A)level.

2. POST-SCHOOL EDUCATION

At  the age  of   16 young  people  can  choose  their   further  education  at  school  or  outside  school. They can continue studying at school until   the age   of 18. They can  leave  school  and  continue  their  education  in  various  colleges, polytechnics  and  vocationally oriented schools, such as  drama  schools, art schools ,ballet schools  or  schools of   librarianship  and  others. The most   part of those institutions are   private i.e. fee-charging.