10. The tourist industry.  People started travelling long ago. The first travelers were nomads and pilgrims,

merchants and traders. They travelled along rivers, tokes and seas.

The first travellers used simple means of travelling: boats and ferries on the water

and camels in the desert.

The most famous travellers were explorers. They made journeys to Asia, Africa and

America.

Travel grew and developed as long as means of transport kept on growing.

With the 19th century the age of modern trains came. In the late 19th century the first motor-cars appeared.

The age of airplanes changed travel crucially. In the early 20th century jet planes emerged. They made air travel available to all people.

Tourism has been one of the fastest growing industries in recent years. The growth rate of tourism has generally exceeded the growth rate for the worldwide economy.

Tourism - is a travel away from a person’s usual place of resident for a period longer then twenty-four hours, primarily for pleasure or recreation, and frequently to multiply destinations.

Tourism necessarily involves travel.

A tourist is usually defined as a person who is visiting some place other than his usual residence for more the 24 hours.

People travel for different purposes. Many people travel entirely for the purpose of recreation. Some people travel for reasons of health. Other people travel to visit friends and relatives (this is because of increased mobility throughout the world), other travel in order to educate themselves. Most tourist statistics also included people who are traveling on business. This category of travelers often combines pleasure with their work.

The travelers use on their round transportation, accommodation and catering facilities. Accommodation refers to hotels or other places where a traveller can find rest and shelter. Catering facilities refers to places where a traveller or another member of

the public can find food and drink. Transportation - this is a moving of people from a place of constant residing to vacation spot with use of various automobiles (buses, trains, aircraft and cruise liners).

Tourism is a relatively new phenomenon in the world. In fact the words tourism and tourist themselves were not used for the first time until about 1800. The first tour in modern sense was put together by Thomas Cook in England, in 1841. And the firm of Thomas Cook and Sons has remained one of the prominent names in the tourist industry.

 9. The trends and strategy of tourist business. The main objective of any business is to make profit. So, the main target of tourism is also to make profit. If top managers of a tourist company want to reach this target, they should define a clear business strategy for their company, assess the company's resources, relocate them and motivate the staff to reach the set up objective.

Usually tourists companies try to increase their market share; it meant working out of new destinations, developing inbound and outbound tourism, business etc. But as the tourist market is quite competitive, this task is not an easy one. To my mind, our Russian home market hasn't been developed yet, there are many opportunities for starting up ecological tourism, for example in Siberia, Altai, in the Far East. Russian natural resources are enormous. New tourist destinations can be worked out for central Russia, for Northern Russia. So, I want to say, that a company can expand not only by selling tours abroad but by developing home market as well. In order to remain profitable, a company can use various marketing techniques. A company can advertise special offers, reasonable discounts, and bonuses for frequent customers. Sales promotion is an important part of work for any tourist company. You are to invest money in your promotional campaigns and you have to do it if you want to compete successfully.

A tourist company can cut its costs if they make most of modem technology, use e-mail, Internet and state-of-the-art hotel reservations systems. But I think, nowadays people are the main asset of the company. Well-trained and qualified personnel attract your customers. So, top managers of the company should think of how to motivate their staff how to supervise their work, if the company is management wants to meet their targets.

To conclude, I'd like to say, that any business strategy may be successful if the top management is able to adopt it to the changing environment. And the function of the tourist manager today is to manage change, be flexible.

between May and June (heavy but brief showers).Minimum temperatures occur in January (25C) and maximum in April (29C).

The flora is mainly tropical, rich and varied, with royal palms, coconut, mango, orange, pine tree. The fauna is also varied, includes parrots, iguanas, crocodiles and others.

Here you will find a wide range of activities for the entire family.

All watersports are available in Dominicana: surfing, scuba diving, riding water-bikes and parachute gliding.

The beaches, streets, hotels, amusements park, night clubs, bars and restaurants open their doors to both young and old alike. Don't miss the opportunity to enjoy a magical destination.

For today the Europe wins first place by quantity of accepted tourists but as analysts consider - soon in the lead position will pass to "east" countries.

In the countries of the East possess enormous potential, huge quantity of not used tourist resources. In the exact same situation there are countries of Africa and South America. For this economically poorly developed countries.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

6. Destination

There are a lot of tourist destinations all over the world. Major tourist destinations include such large cities as London, Moscow, Paris, New York; there are a lot of tourist destination at the seashore areas with warm climate such as the Caribbean. And there are some ski resorts like those in Switzerland.

In fact the choice of the destinaition depends on the aim of trevel that the tourist ctoose. It may be:

 

And there are numerous attractions that appeal to a wide variety of tastes.

Actually, any place in the world can be a tourist destination. Tourist destination is a place or area to which tourists travel. It may be a resort, but it may also be a large city. People can travel the whole year round. All countries have got seasonal bias.

In many countries, summer is the traditional vacation season. In France, for instance, the summer vacation has extended even to the shutting down of many stores and small businesses.

Winter vacations have been heavily promoted to spread tourism more evenly throughout the year. There has been a big increase in facilities for winter sports.

I want to talk about Dominicana Republican. I have been in that country three times already. This tourist destination is interesting because the Dominican Republic lies at the heart of the Greater Antilles. The land is washed by the Atlantic ocean in the north and the Caribbean Sea in the south.

The dry season starts in November and ends in April.

 

7. Types of holidays

Tourism has been one of the fastest growing industries in resent years. The growth rate of tourism has generally exceeded the growth rate for the worldwide economy. Tourism necessarily involves a lot of types of holidays. They are: Special interest holiday - it is learning English, arts, etc, or taking part in excavations. Winter sports-it is skiing in the mountains. Cruise- it is a holiday above a luxury liner. Incentive travel- it is holidays that companies give to their employees as a reward for past success or to motivate them for the future. Safari it is a holiday visiting a game park. Home stay it is a stay with a family as a guest of the owners. Adventure tour it is a holiday like in Indiana Jones film. Break it is a two or three-day holiday. There are two kinds of Break - first weekend break, and the second is city break Self-catering holiday it is a holiday in a rented cottage or villa when people have to do their own cooking and housekeeping. Package tour it is a holiday where the tour operator arranges both the flight and accommodation. But I want to tell you about one of the youngest, but one of the most important type of holiday - incentive tourism. Incentive tourism means that a business company offers holiday tours to its employees and covers all travel expenses. On the one hand, the company does it as

a reward or a bonus to a person for his successful work. On the other hand, the

company does it as an incentive for the future. The company hopes that the employee will work even better in future and bring profit to the company. Very often an employer sets a target for an employee: "You will earn a holiday in France for your family if you exceed your quota by 10 per cent next year". Incentive tourism emerged in the 1960s in the USA. Later on it spread in Europe. But only large progressive corporations offer incentive tours to their employees. In some countries there are specialist tours companies which arrange incentive tours for business corporations. They take great responsibility because incentive tours go under the name of the business corporation. It means that good travel arrangements will improve its reputation. Bad travel arrangements will shake its reputation.

8.. The Environmental Tourism

The environmental tourism has the meaning of the protection of

nature. People who support the idea of ecotourism try to attract everyone's attention to the problems of ecology and reasonable tourism. Everyone knows that the development of the tourism industry influences the ecosystem of tourist destination and many people involved in tourism industry try to solve this problem in their own way. This is the example of the development of ecotourism in the Alps.

With the manager of one the hotels in the Alps Claudio, Bernasconi's encouragement, each week in summer tourists cart in box loads of trash they've found in the Swiss mountains.

The visitor who brings in the most litter gets room and board for a week on the house. The record is 19 kilograms, mostly cans, collected by two Swiss women on vacation last August.

The hotel's two-year-old campaign is meant to encourage visitors to protect the Alpine environment. But Bernasconi and tourist officials throughout the Alps know that responsible, or «soft» tourism requires more than picking up litter.

Successful ecotourists, they say, must start with careful planning - finding leisure activities and transportation that go easy on the environment and searching out resorts that promote active preservation of the Alps.

Once the traveller has arrived he or she must strive to conserve energy, avoid endangered species and purchase local products. One approach to soft tourism is scheduling a trip between seasons. Staggering of holiday schedules helps reduce the choking, noisy traffic that tops the list of environmental concerns in most Alpine regions.

Another important way to mitigate the environmental assault from autos is to take public transportation whenever possible.

In some areas, like Zermatt, Switzerland, local transport is an attraction in itself. Cars are forbidden. In their place, a fleet of five electric buses carries skiers to lifts.

The environmental ethic should continue inside the hotel. Responsible tourists should reduce their own demand for energy whenever possible by flicking off unnecessary lights, by turning down heat, and by finding out how often the hotel changes sheets and towels, and letting the concierge know if they can get by with the same laundry for a longer period of time.

Tourists who visit local shops can try to buy items with minimal wrapping that will add less trash to overloaded waste systems. They can also purchase locally made products when possible.

Finally, ecotourists should take their environmental ethic onto the ski slopes and hiking trails of the Alps.

It is important to avoid straying from marked paths or ski runs unless a local quide is present. Snow protects plants and animals through the winter and skis can slash the blanket that enables them to survive.

The future of the alpine ecosystem depends on the behavior of the millions of tourists each year who enjoy the beauty and grandeur of the Alps.

Damage done by the unthinking tourist can be irreversible.

But if everyone cooperates, the payoff will be rewarding vacations in the lush alpine environment for generations to come.

 

5. Tourist promotion

There have been three aims of most tourist promotion in the last few years.

The first has been to retain the established market of people for whom travel is a normal form of recreation.

The second purpose of tourism promotion has been to increase the size of the market. That means to attract people who would not have traveled much until the [last few years.

The third goal of tourism promotion has been to overcome what might best be called its seasonal bias. In many countries, summer is traditional vacation season.

So now winter vacation have been heavily promoted to spread tourism more evenly throughout the year. There has a big increase in facilities for winter sports.Many different organization are involved in tourism promotion. They include tourist bureaus, the transportation companies, tour operators, retail travel agent and individual hotels or hotel chains.Though their tourist offices, governments do a great deal of travel promotion, both in the form of advertising and publicity.There are two major kinds of promotion - publicity and advertising.

The publicity consists of stories placed in newspaper and magazines about travel, accommodation, restaurants, and other parts of the whole tourism industry. Another kind of tourist promotion is familiarization tour.People in the industry, especially those involved in sales - travel agents - are provided with free trips to tourist destinations.Media, the popular of medium, is a term that is used for the different means of spreading information in the form of news and advertising.

Newspapers and magazines - the print media, and radio and television - the broadcast media - are usually includes in the term.The advertising includes television and radio. Television reaches the largest market, but TV time is also expensive, so it is used principally by transportation companies and government tourist agencies. Radio serves is more limited, because it can't translit the beautiful pictures and colours of television. But it is unique because it can reach people driving their cars.Another form of advertising is the brochure and direct mailing.

Tour operators distribute brochures in large numbers to travel agents in the market area they are trying to reach.But one of the most effective kind of tourism promotion is the one that cannot be manipulated by the industry. This is the word of mouth, what one person says to another about his vacation and about his impression. The results of "word of mouth" can be good or bad. One might say that it is a powerful force in keeping the industry honest.