Автор работы: Пользователь скрыл имя, 01 Ноября 2010 в 21:11, Не определен
Introduction
Introduction
The basic reason for learning foreign languages that all people have in common is communication - communication in any mode. It is a two-sided process, which requires the ability to understand each other, to be able to code a message that someone wants to convey to someone else in a way, which will be comprehensible to the receiver and also appropriate to a concrete situation and status of all participants. Vice versa the person should be able to interpret a message that someone else is conveying to them. To acquire a good skill of communication in foreign language it is necessary to be familiar not only with vocabulary (single words and their meanings, collocations, phrases and phrasal verbs etc.) but also with language structures and above all with strategies for using them in right context according to concrete situations.
Learners can generally communicate well, having learnt all the basic structures of the language. However, they need to broaden their vocabulary to express themselves more clearly and appropriately in a wide range of situations.
Students might even have a receptive knowledge of a wider range of vocabulary, which means they can recognise the item and recognise its meaning. Nevertheless, their productive use of a wide range of vocabulary is normally limited, and this is one of the areas that need greater attention. At this stage we are concerned not only with students understanding the meaning of words, but also being able to use them appropriately, taking into account factors such as oral / written use of the language; degree of formality, style and others.
The relevancies of the topic are:
The problem:
The topic:
The topic of our research paper is “Methods and principles of teaching in teaching and learning Foreign Language”. This research paper is directed to the role of vocabulary for the progress in teaching and learning foreign languages.
Object of the research: The process of teaching foreign languages.
Subject of the research: Principles and methods in teaching and learning foreign language vocabulary in order to outline suitable ways of effective and comfortable dealing with students' vocabulary teaching possibilities on the way of forming all four skill areas: reading, writing, speaking, and listening.
Hypothesis: If we perfectly use principles and methods in teaching and learning foreign language vocabulary which are the requirements we will do the process of FLTL effective, colorful and productive.
Goal: to find out the appropriate principles and methods for teaching vocabulary.
Objectives:
Research methods: observation of the process of teaching and learning foreign languages at school, generalization, method of comparison, studying and analyzing scientific literature, method of processing and interpretation data, descriptive method.
Scientific basis:
Spheres of application: the course of methodology in pedagogical institute, teaching process at secondary schools.
Structure of the research: Research work consists of 3 main parts: theoretical, practical and approbation; conclusion and recourses and references, appendix.
The first theoretical part divides into 2 sub points and gives general information about teaching vocabulary.
The second part reveals the principles and methods of teaching vocabulary during the process of teaching and learning foreign languages in different directions.
The 3 part is approbation, it deals with the exploring knowledge (information) according to the topic in the practice.
Research approbation: Traditionally, the teaching of vocabulary above elementary levels was mostly incidental, limited to presenting new items as they appeared in reading or sometimes listening texts. This indirect teaching of vocabulary assumes that vocabulary expansion will happen through the practice of other language skills, which has been proved not enough to ensure vocabulary expansion.
Nowadays it is widely accepted that vocabulary teaching should be part of the syllabus, and taught in a well-planned and regular basis. Some authors argue that vocabulary should be at the centre of language teaching, because ‘language consists of grammaticalised lexis, not lexicalised grammar’.
The
chosen theme “The methods and principles of teaching vocabulary in
Foreign Language Teaching and Learning” let us look for the principles
and methods of teaching vocabulary to use them on our lessons while
the practice through the different techniques.
1 The importance of teaching vocabulary
1.1
Teaching vocabulary – the basis for forming four main skills
To know a language means to master its structure and words. Thus, vocabulary one of the aspects of the language to be taught in school. The problem is what words and idioms pupils should retain. It is evident that the number of words should be limited because pupils have only 2-4 periods a week; the size of the group is not small enough to provide each pupil with practice in speaking; schools are not yet fully equipped with special laboratories for individual language learning. The number of words pupils should acquire in school depends wholly on the syllabus requirements. The later are determined by the condition and method used. For example, experiments have proved that the use of programmed instruction for vocabulary learning allows us to increase the number of the words to be learned since pupils are able to assimilate them while working independently with the programme.
We know the following fact that
I - words used in reading,
II - words used in auding,
III - words used in speaking,
IV - words used in writing.
The main aim of teaching vocabulary is assimilation of the meaning, form of the words and its usage in oral and written speech – that is formation of lexical habits. People can have many aptitudes, but without a large and precise English vocabulary to express them, they cannot take full advantage of these abilities. Unlike aptitudes, vocabulary is not a natural ability; it can be improved if one is willing to make the effort to do so. [7,90]
Building
vocabulary is a powerful way to enhance your life and career. Learning
how to build a better vocabulary can be a pleasurable and profitable
investment of both your time and effort. At least fifteen minutes a
day of concentrated study on a regular basis can bring about a rapid
improvement in your vocabulary skills, which in turn can increase your
ability to communicate by writing, conversing, or making speeches. Acquiring
a large vocabulary can benefit you in school, at work, and socially.
It will enable you to understand others' ideas better and to have the
satisfaction of getting your thoughts and ideas across more effectively.
Of course, you already know thousands of words, and you will continue
to learn more whether you work at it or not. The fact is that many of
the words you know were probably learned simply by coming across them
often enough in your reading, in conversation, and even while watching
television. But increasing the pace of your learning requires a consistent,
dedicated approach. If you learned only one new word a day for the next
three years, you would have over a thousand new words in your vocabulary.
However, if you decided right now to learn ten new words a day, in one
year you would have added over three thousand to what you already know,
and probably have established a lifetime habit of learning and self-improvement.
1.2
The techniques of teaching vocabulary in the classroom
Perhaps the most important factor in a successful vocabulary-building program is motivation. It will be very difficult for you to study words month after month without a strong feeling that it is worth doing, that a larger vocabulary will help you in school and on the job, and that it can well lead to a more exciting and fulfilling life.
For the first according to the topic of our research paper we identify four basic steps to a better vocabulary:
2. Read
3. Use a Dictionary
4. Study and Review Regularly
While there are not any magic shortcuts to learning words, the larger your vocabulary becomes, the easier it will be to connect a new word with words you already know, and thus remember its meaning. [7,101]
Many people are surprised when they are told they have small vocabularies. “But I read all the time!” they protest. This shows that reading alone may not be enough to make you learn new words. When we read a novel, for instance, there is usually a strong urge to get on with the story and skip over unfamiliar or perhaps vaguely known words. But while it is obvious when a word is totally unknown to you, you have to be especially aware of words that seem familiar to you but whose precise meanings you may not really know. Instead of avoiding these words, you will need to take a closer look at them. First, try to guess at a word's meaning from its context—that is, the sense of the passage in which it appears; second, if you have a dictionary on hand, look up the word's meaning immediately. This may slow down your reading somewhat, but your improved understanding of each new word will eventually speed your learning of other words, making reading easier. Make a daily practice of noting words of interest to you for further study whenever you are reading, listening to the radio, talking to friends, or watching television.
2. Read
When you have become more aware of words, reading is the next important step to increasing your knowledge of words, because that is how you will find most of the words you should be learning. It is also the best way to check on words you have already learned. When you come across a word you have recently studied, and you understand it, that proves you have learned its meaning. What should you read? Whatever interests you—whatever makes you want to read. If you like sports, read the sports page of the newspapers; read magazines like Sports Illustrated; read books about your favorite athletes. If you are interested in interior decorating, read a magazine like House Beautiful—read it, don't just look at the photographs. Often people with very low vocabularies don't enjoy reading at all. It's more of a chore for them than a pleasure because they don't understand many of the words. If this is the way you feel about reading, try reading easier things. Newspapers are usually easier than magazines; a magazine like Reader's Digest is easier to read than The Atlantic Monthly. There is no point in trying to read something you simply are not able to understand or are not interested in. The important idea is to find things to read you can enjoy, and to read as often and as much as possible with the idea of learning new words always in mind. [7,112]
3. Use a Dictionary
Most people know how to use a dictionary to look up a word's meaning. Here are some pointers on how to do this as a part of a vocabulary-building program:
• Have your own dictionary
Keep it where you usually do your reading at home. You are more likely to use it if you do not have to get it from another room. At work, there may be a good dictionary available for your use. At home, most people do not have a big, unabridged dictionary; however, one of the smaller collegiate dictionaries would be fine to start with.
• Circle the words you look up
After you have done this for a while, your eye will naturally move to the words you have circled whenever you flip through the dictionary. This will give you a quick form of review.
• Read the entire entry for the word you look up
Remember, words can have more than one meaning, and the meaning you need for the word you are looking up may not be the first one given in your dictionary. Even if it is, the other meanings of the word will help you understand the different ways the word is used.
Also, the word's history, usually given near the beginning of the entry, can often give a fascinating picture of the way the word has developed its current meaning. This will add to the pleasure of learning the word as well as help you remember it.
4. Study and Review Regularly
Once you have begun looking up words and you know which ones to study, vocabulary building is simply a matter of reviewing the words regularly until you fix them in your memory. This is best done by setting aside a specific amount of time each day for vocabulary study. During that time you can look up new words you have noted during the day and review old words you are in the process of learning. Set a goal for the number of words you would like to learn and by what date, and arrange your schedule accordingly. Fifteen minutes a day will bring better results than half an hour once a week or so. However, if half an hour a week is all the time you have to spare, start with that. You may find more time later on, and you will be moving in the right direction. Teaching a word does not cause its automatic learning by the students. That is one of the first things teachers realize when they start teaching. It would be wonderful if finishing a unit of the course book meant that the students master all the words in it. Unfortunately, a lot of work (recycling, vocabulary notebooks keeping, memory techniques ...) has to be done before students thoroughly know a word. The activities which follow have been tested on students and provide a practical suggestion for a systematic approach to vocabulary learning. Appendix A
There
are activities using the card illustrated in appendix A:
| How | Example |
| Working alone | -Super memo. Ss use
the cards to learn the verbs systematically, at fixed time intervals,
using boxes. Taking into account the forgetting curve, Ss have to plan
their learning and relearning in such a way that the forgetting is minimized.
They can use small boxes, or a box with different slots in it. You put
all the verbs you have to learn in slot number
1. When each verb is learnt it goes to slot number two and so on until the last slot. All forgotten verbs are returned to the start. |
| Working in groups | Playing cards. Two packs. One pack is English face up, a pile on the table. The other is given out to all the players ( they read the L1 ). In turn, they take one card from the pack and keep it, if they have the matching one. Then they discharge the matching pair. If they don’t have the matching one, they leave it on the table for someone else to match. They can pick a card either from the table or from the pack. |
| Working in pairs | - One pack of cards. Ss spread
the cards on the table, English face down. In turn they keep one and
translate. They check by reading and saying the verb. They keep the
card if it is correct. If they don’t know any of them they say “pass”.Winner
is the one with the most cards.
- Use your transparent folder. Ss keep all these cards in transparent folders ( sort of slide folders A4 format ). They place one – empty, without cards - on the desk. Aim of the game is to go from top to bottom and vice versa, or from left to right or vice versa by placing verbs and saying them (if they place the L1 they have to say the English. |
| Working with the whole class | - Bingo. Ss choose 9 cards,
put them down in a sort of bingo grid, English face up. T with a list
calls them out. T can call either L1 or L2
- Bingo with definitions. Ss choose 9 cards, put them down in a sort of bingo grid, English face up. T gives definitions. |
Информация о работе Methods and Principles of Teaching Vocabulary