Foreign borrowing in the Russian language

In Soviet times it was impossible to talk about the rating of a politician, because Soviet politicians "brotherly" countries are highly revered, the bourgeois politicians were perceived as enemies, which also does not imply that they have the rankings. The current public solvency Russian politicians and their dependence on the voters (the electorate) have made it possible to combine a word with the names of the specific ranking Russian politicians, actualized the word populism and filled a real sense of the word run.

During the election campaign can not do without providers. Service (Eng. Provide - provide) - an organization that provides services for the use of global networks and systems. And providers, of course, require "know-how" (Eng. Know-how, literally, know how) - technical knowledge, experience, documentation, transmission of which is agreed in the license agreements and other agreements.     

The word "impeachment" is now used more in retrospect. But the entire second half of 1999 there was the day that the Russians have not heard calls to impeach the former president of the country. Impeachment - a special procedure for bringing accountability and judicial review cases involving crimes of senior officials.     

Newspapers, radio, television roll in "public relations", "tranches" Advertising jamming "Freaky Jok-Dailami," "offshore" and "timeshare". Words can not explain clearly any Russian citizen.

Reporting on the blackout, power speak of "limitation of energy supply", talking about banking operations, newspapers operate with the words "management" and "konsalding" instead of "control" and "consultation".     

Rapidly entered the Russian language English word charisma (Eng. Charisma - charisma, the gift of God) - an exceptional talent. The charismatic leader - a man endowed in the eyes of his followers authority over the exceptional qualities of his personality - the wisdom, heroism, holiness.

 We conducted a test for secondary schools students

Among students in grade 11 only 35.3%, and 7 - 36.4% believe that the Russian loan words clog it. Of the 17 people in grade 11, only 11 answered all the questions. Everyone knows the definition of the Internet, but 6 of them do not know what the broker and corruption.     

Spheres of human activity correctly identified all interviewed students in grade 11, but in the 7th grade thistask completed only 9 of 13 respondents.

Drinking loanwords in society is changing. There are times when they are quite tolerant, but in other periods they are evaluated negatively. Nevertheless, in spite of one or another public reaction, one of the loan words included in the language, and the other rejected it. Policies aimed at combating borrowing, called linguistic purism. Purists read that spoil the borrowing language and it may be noted that the word or by an effort to consolidate. But we must pay attention to the pronunciation of loan words.

Pronunciation loanwords

A characteristic feature of the modern development of the language - a revitalization loanwords, increasing its significance. Often, the emphasis in Anglicisms not match the language of the source. The fluctuation is inevitable, because they interact with the Russian vocabulary, gradually merge.

Based on the locations of the word, which is stressed, all the borrowing can be divided into groups.

Nouns on -er, -or - the accent on the first syllable: 'blazer' broker 'dealer, hamburger, manager, sponsor, and others. Words such as komp`yuter in`vestor and, although they have the same ending, require emphasis on the second syllable. It coincides with the language of the source.

Nouns of two syllables and end - ing, requires an emphasis on the first syllable brúfing, sérfing, réyting, hólding. Three and more complex words the emphasis should fall on the penultimate syllable: inzhinúring (Marketing - an exception).

Nouns ending -menthyl require an emphasis on the second syllable: istéblishment, impúchment, ménedzhment.

If a word ends in a vowel, the stress falls on the first syllable: nóu-háu, lóbbi, shóu.

Some end is difficult to combine in any group. But they all meet the English pronunciation - namely accent: dáydzhest, sámmit, fristáyl.

The number of words that were fixed in the Russian language, and do not correspond to the initial stress, small. In most cases, it is a conversational style (slang), a case where the word has acquired "Russian character": hit - a hit, a hit; Beatles; inflation - inflation; investment - investment, investment.

Another difficulty in borrowing prioznoshenii be called vowels "e" and "e" after consonant.

If before "e" is a vowel, it is pronounced - [j]: tooth decay, diet, projection, projector, register.

The combination of "de", according softened and pronounced [e] de [e] Korac, de [e] mobilization.

In foreign names in a little drink, the words of the book is usually kept hard consonants, but "e" is pronounced [e] de [e] factor.

Here is an example borrowed words:

Business and Law

аустсоринг - outsourcing - the transfer of the basic operations of a third-party organization specializing in this field

бестселлер - bestseller - book sells well

бизнес- business (from the word busy [busy]) - employment, business

бизнесмен- businessman - businessman

биллинг- billing - from the bill - bill, ticket, the system of reference counting

брокер- broker, goes back to the Old French "wine merchant"

дефолт- default - failure to fulfill obligations, failure to comply with regulations

дилер- dealer - trader from the deal - bargain

дистрибьютер - distributor - wholesale agent to resell ("distributing") product through its own network of customers

доллар- dollar - monetary unit. USA

инсайдер- insider (inside = inside) - a person who has access to confidential information

лизинг- leasing (lease = rent, renting)

копирайтер- copywriter - advertising specialist, creating ideas, concepts and lyrics for all types of advertising.

маркетинг- marketing (market = market)

менеджер - manager (manage = supervise, manage), from Lat. manus - hand

менеджмент- management

мерчендайзер- merchandiser

мерчендайзинг- merchandising, merchandise - goods, English borrowed from French, literally: Commodity

нейминг- the development of titles for goods, services and organizations (naming = naming)

пиар- PR (abbr. public relation) - Public relations

прайслист- pricelist - price list

промоушн- promotion - literally: the promotion of "promotion"

промоутер- promoter - a person engaged in the promotion of anything, and write: a promoter, Photovoltaic

пресс-релиз- press-release - presentation to the press infosoobscheniya company currently

стагфляция- stagflation (stagnation + inflation)

стартап- startup - a small company developing a new product with an unknown outcome

офис- office

офшор- offshore (off-shore = off the coast, that is outside the jurisdiction of the country, which belongs to the coast)

pennies, пенни- penny, pence - British coin

риелтор- realtor - from the realty - Property

франчайзер- franchiser

франчайзинг- franchising - English borrowed from French. franchise - a franchise

холдинг- holding - one of the types of business structures

Sport

автоспорт- autosport

бадминтон -badminton

баскетбол- basketball (basket + ball = literally: basket-ball)

бейсбол- baseball (base + ball)

бейсжампинг- base jumping - jumping from a sustainable base

бокс- boxing

винлсёрфинг- windsurfing

волейбол- volleyball

гандбол- handball - Handball

гейм- game - the game

геймплэй- gameplay (from «game» - game and «to play» - play) - in-game mechanics and interactions. Game process.

гол- goal - goal

голкипер- goalkeeper - Goalkeeper (curator of "gate")

дайвинг- diving (from «to dive» - dive) - scuba diving

джогинг- jogging - on the jog - jogging

дререйсинг- drag racing - drag - drag, drag

дриблинг- dribbling - from the dribble - drip, leak

дрифтрейсинг- drift racing - drift literally "drift, skid, skid", ie when the car '' yuzit "

зорбинг- zorb - transparent sphere, which is heading zorbonavta

кайтинг- kiting - kite - kite

кайтсёрфинг- kite surfing

кикбоксинг- kick boxing - kick - kick, kicking

клинч- clinch (boxing)

кросс- cross - cross, cross-country running

нокаут- knockout (literally - vyshibanie, disabling)

нокдаун- knockdown

овертайм- overtime - literally, over time, the extra time

офсайд- offside - offside

пейнтбол- paintball - paintballs

пейс-кар- pace car - the safety car in racing.

пит-лейн- accommodation zone auto-racing teams on the racetrack

пит-стоп- check the race car in the pit lane to refuel, change tires and other services

пенальти- penalty - a punishment

плей-офф-play-off - the game Shootout

ралли- rally - to collect, to gather together

регби- rugby (from the area Rugby)

чемпион- recordsman - man, set records

ринг- ring - a ring, a circle

робджампинг- rob jumping - rob - rope, wire rope, jumping from a height when jumper tied with ropes, "bungee"

сёрфинг- surfing - surf - crest of a wave, surf

сноуборд- snowboard - «snow board," board riding on snow

сноубординг- snowboarding

софтбол- softball

спидвей- speedway - Speedway

спорт- sport from the Old French desport - entertainment, leisure time

спортсмен- sportsman - a person engaged in sports

стритбол- streetball - street basketball

стритрейсинг- street racing - racing to convict

тайм- time

тайм-аут- time out - break time

тренинг- training, by train - train

фол- foul - against the rules wrong, dishonest

форвард- forward - striker

фристайл- freestyle - Freestyle

футбол- football - foot ball

хавбек- half-back - midfielder

Computer and Web

апгрейд- upgrade - upgrade the hardware of computer systems

аплет- applet - a small application running on the client as part of a large

ассемблер- assembler - garbage, low-level programming language

баг- bug - a bug in Software [a program], literally - a beetle bug

байт- byte - units. rev. information capacity

банер- banner - flag

бит- bit (abbr. binary digit) - binary digit

блог- blog (abbr. from «web log») - online blog

блоггер- blogger - the person leading blog

браузер- browser - viewer which

бекслэш- backslash - backslash

веб- web - a network of «world wide web» - the World Wide Web

декремент- decrement - decrease in operand 1

декстоп- desktop - on top of the table (desk top = top desk, cover)

дорвей- doorway page - the front page

инкремент- increment - increase in operand 1

интернет- internet - interweb. Internet connects multiple LANs themselves.

Интернет сервис провайдер- internet service provider - ISP

интерфейс- interface - interface, seam, how to interact with either h-human. That helps to interconnect the faceplates of different devices (initially).

киберсквотер- cybersquatter - a person engaged in cybersquatting

киберсквотинг- cybersquatting (from Eng. resale of domain names)

клик- click - click, imitating the sound that emits when you press the mouse

лэктоп (leptop) laptop - laptop (lap = lap of a seated person)

логин- login - username in the system. By giving him the password, user gets access to a particular service, for example, a computer program

линк- link - a term applied to a hypertext document.

микропросессор- microprocessor

онлайн- online, on-line - on the line connected

офлайн- offline, off-line - in the real world. In disconnected from the network state (initially)

парсинг- parsing - parsing the input sequence in accordance with the formal grammar

парсер- parser - a program that implements parsing; syntactical analyzer

пиксел- pixel (abbr. of picture element) - a minimum addressable unit of the image on the screen

плагин- plugin (from the plug in, «connected") - a software module that extends the functionality, usually very specific, the main application

подкастинг- podcasting - iPod broadcasts

постинг- posting - writing posts

превью- preview - preliminary information, which gives an idea of ​​the content of the full-scale information file

свопинг- replacement of one segment of the program memory and restore it to others upon request

сервис пак- service pack - a collection apdeyt, bug fixes and / or enhancements delivered in a single package installed

скриншот- screenshot - screenshot

слэш- slash - slash

софтуар- software - Software

сервлет- servlet - a program executed on the server and extends the functionality of the Web server

спам- spam - brand canned meat, the advertising of which managed to annoy many (from spiced ham)

тарнзистор- transistor (transfer + resistor) - variable resistance

трафик- traffic - the amount of information received and sent to the computer network; road traffic

тред- thread - the thread, the thread separate executable code in a program

файевол- firewall - wall of fire. Fire wall between the houses, preventing the spread of fire (in this sense in Russian used the German word with the same meaning - the firewall). The program implements filtering traffic and protect your computer from hackers.

файл- file - named in memory of the computer

чипсет- chipset - Chipset to perform one or more related functions

хакер-hacker - programmer, disrupt its code laws, in particular gaining unauthorized access and data management

хай-тек- hi-tech, high technologies - high-tech

хостинг- hosting of the host - a service of providing space for the physical placement of data on servers residing on the network (typically the Internet)

Transport

Car

автокар- by car (trolley) - vehicle with internal combustion engines for transportation of goods in the territory of industrial plants

паркинг- parking - parking;

тролейбус- by trolley (cart, rolling on the wire) and bus (bus and omnibus)

фривей- freeway - type of highways (mostly paid) for secure auto service without crossing certain roads;

хайвей-highway - main road intended for public auto service;

тюнинг- car decoration

Railway

трамвай- tram (Eng.) tram way literally means "the way of TREM", that is the path of the tram tram (rail, runner, Shotley.) and the way (the way), there is also a version that the word comes from the tramway first London Railways . called by the name of the English inventor O'Trama (Encyclopedia "Rail", p. 451, Scientific ed. "Great Russian Encyclopedia", Moscow, 1995)

рельс- rails (pl. h. by rail (Eng.)), from Lat. regula - straight stick;

вагон- waggon (via France. wagon)

Physics

адмиттанс- admittance - admittance circuits for harmonic current and voltage

импеданс электрический- impedance - impedance circuits for harmonic current and voltage

конфайнмент- confinement - confinement, conclusion

кварк- quark

лазер- laser (abbr. of Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation - light amplification by stimulated emission)

мазер- maser (abbr. of Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation - microwave amplification by stimulated emission)

радар- radar (abbr. of Radio Detecting and Ranging - radio detection and range)

спин- spin - rotation

спиннинг- spinning, from Ch. spin - spin

Other

бейби- baby - infant; "kid"

бойфренд- boyfriend - a male partner in extramarital sexual relations (lover)

аутсайдер- outsider - lit.. stand aside

баксы- bucks - US dollars (the buck) - on behalf of the tank (Benjamin) Franklin, shown in 100 dollar bill

бойкот- boycott - ending relationships with anyone in protest against something (in honor of Charles C. Boycott)

брифинг- briefing - briefing

бумеранг- boomerang - curved wood mace throwing crescent-shaped (in English this word comes from the language of Australian aborigines)

виджей- VJ (abbr. from the video jockey) - video jockey

вейвлет- wavelet - small wave

гаджет- gadget - a technical device (usually electronic, small sizes), adapted for particular practical purposes and functions

герлфренд- girlfriend - a female partner in extramarital sexual relations (lover)

диджей- DJ (abbr. from the disc jockey) - disc jockey

джинсы- jeans

имидж- image - an artificially created (sometimes estestestvenno folding) image of a man (sometimes all realities) in the minds of the target audience

кастинг- casting - the selection of the actors of the people

кекс- cakes - cakes

клозет- closet - lockable room; More water closet - water closet

клоун- clown

колумнист - columnist - the leading column in the newspaper

кроссворд- crossword - krestoslovitsa

лобби- lobby - a group of people trying to influence legislators or others. Officials in anyone's interests

лобист- lobbyist - a member of the lobby

лидер- leader - lead

лузер- loser - loser

мейк-ап- make-up - the result of applying makeup on her face

мейнстрим- mainstream - important for

мониторинг- monitoring - tracking anything

мент(jargon) from the police (Latin?).

Police in contrast to the police, the voluntary association of citizens of the state is not to restore order

ноу-хау-know-how - to know how to

постер- poster - a large poster or announcement, often illustrated, that is posted to attract attention

постпродакшн-production - postproduction - the processing of the film (and not only) after shooting

прайм-тайм- prime-time - the evening, when going to the largest TV audience

продакшн- production - (movie) production

рейд- raid

рейтинг- rating - rank

римейк- remake - remake

респект- respect - respect

саундтрек- soundtrack - music accompanying the film

сквер- from the square - square, and it is from the square - square (delineated by walls surrounding houses).

скрининг- screening

сленг- slang

спикер- speaker - speaker

спич- speech - oration

тинейджер- teen-ager - Teen

ток-шоу- talk-show - spoken telecast

топлес- topless - topless (literally "without outer clothing" or "topless")

трек- track - in turn from Arabic. Tariq - road (road!)

тюнинг- tuning - fine tuning

уикэнд - weekend - a weekend / basta

фастфуд- fastfood - fast food

фешенебельный- fashionable - fashionable

финиш- finish - ending

фолькло- folklore - folk knowledge

форвар- forward - forward

фрилансер- freelancer - a person performing work without long-term obligations to the employer

хенд-мейд- hand-made - (a newfangled barbarism) means man-made, hand-made

хит- hit - kick

хот дог- hot dog - a sandwich with sausage or sausage

хулиган- hooligan - brawler

шоу- show - the show

шоумен- showman - a person working in show business

 

At all times and in almost all countries to borrow are two ways: either borrowing - it's good, not terrible for Russian, in particular, language, enriching it; or borrowing - is a threat to the very existence of the national language, it leads to loss of identity. It is obvious that the borrowing of words from other languages - a natural, necessary and really existing process, which is due to international relations. This is the result of contacts and relations of peoples and states.

However, the question of the relationship between "their" and "foreign", the use of loans in the Russian language has always provoked heated discussions, heated debates. First I wrote about this MV Lermontov: "Take care of the properties of their own language, because what we love in the style of Latin, French or German, worthy of laughter sometimes in Russian."

It was in the XVIII century and originated the controversy about borrowing. About a hundred years later, when in the first half of the XIX century, linguistics has become an independent science, the problem of foreign words in Russian speech got even sharper. Moreover, the opinion expressed is not only scientists, but also critics and writers.

AN Tolstoy wrote: "The well-known percentage of foreign words into the language grows. And in each case the artist's instinct is to determine the measure of foreign words, their necessity. It is better to say the elevator than samopodymalschik phone than dalnerazgovornya proletariat than hicks, but where you can find native Russian word - you need to find it. The same idea was expressed VG Belinsky: "The word mokrostupy very well could express the concept expressed by a completely pointless for us word galoshes; but do not force to get the whole nation instead of galoshes mokrostupy say, if he does not want it! ". He's very well said: "Purists feared unnecessary flood of foreign words: concern over the unjust. Unnecessary words will never hold out in the language, no matter how much try to put it into use. "

The negative attitude to borrowing expressed VI Dahl, creator of the famous dictionary of the Russian language. He offered to replace foreign words in Russian synonyms: scarves - nosopryatka, gymnastics - lovkosilie, pastry - Slastnikov. Now that the proposed Dal seems ridiculous because the above words have become part of the Russian language, and we do not feel out of heterogeneity. An example of the second ratio may be the great Russian critic VG Belinsky, who argued that the loans are not afraid for the Russian language.

Negative attitude to borrowing Alexander Solzhenitsyn. In the novel "The First Circle," one of the heroes preaches negative attitude towards foreign words and replace them with Russian entities. Even though he can not do without borrowing.

Computerization and "connectedness" of society has led to the fact that through a global network in the spoken word broke a huge number of English words. . It is this anxiety and associated specialists in Russian philology: the use of Anglicisms in online communication today has become not just a fad. Increasingly, carriers of the "great" and "powerful" just can not express my thoughts otherwise than by means of borrowed words. It is obvious that the Russian language in which communication is carried out in forums and social networks, is incomprehensible to Professor villager or a ripe old age. But what happens to borrow the words on the Internet, the system is very similar to the entry of foreign words, as described above.