В международной торговле – USA in the World Trade

17

                                       Russian Federal Agency of Education

                                         Samara State Economic University

            The Department of Economics and International Economic Relationships

                           C  O  U  R  S  E      P  A  P  E  R

                             on the World Economy Allocation Course

on the subject “США в международной торговле – USA in the World Trade”

Student:

Nugaeva Karina,

1st year, 2 group,

the Institute of Economics 

and International 

Economic Relationships

Tutor:

                                                            Samara 2010

                                 Contents

                                                                                                                      Page

Introduction....…………………………………………………………………3 

Chapter I. Economic development as a factor of external trade………………4

1.1. Industrial  sector…………………………………………………………..4

1.2. Agricultural sector………………………………………………………...8

1.3. Services sector

Chapter II. Foreign trade activity(exports and imports of U.S.)……………..12         

Chapter III. The system of state regulation of foreign trade in the U.S……...16

3.1. Regulation of import……………………………………………………16

3.2. Regulation of export…………………………………………………….18

Conclusion………………………………………………………………..…..

Bibliography…………………………………………………………………... 

Appendixes ……………………………………………………..…………….

                                           Introduction

This is a common truth that the U.S. is the leading economic power.
U.S. is an influential leader of the world economy. U.S. is one of the largest in territory and population of the world. The level of development of productive forces, the size of its economy the U.S. far ahead of any of the other developed countries. Progress in the development of economic processes in the U.S. is one of the main generators of progressive shifts in the economy of the world. The situation in the U.S. is the "barometer" for the world economy directly affects the movement cycle and the changing economic situation in other countries, affects the structure of international economic exchange.
The theme of the United States, namely, their foreign trade, and is devoted to this work.
Subject of course work is relevant, because it is very important to study the foreign trade of the United States as the largest trading powers, which plays a very important role in world trade and surpasses the volume of foreign trade all other economically developed nations of the world.
The purpose of this course work is to study the U.S. position in international trade.
Objectives:
1. Consider the structure of industry, agriculture and service sectors in the U.S., as factors in the external trade.
2. Examine the U.S. foreign trade (exports and imports).

       1. Economic development as a factor of external trade     

                                      1.1.Industrial  sector

Industry remains a very dynamic area of the U.S. economy. America alone accounts for 34% of world industrial production. U.S. industry consumes about 1/3 of raw materials mined in the world. U.S. industry consists of three units of social production: manufacturing, mining and electric power. The manufacturing industry provides more than 80.4% of common industrial products. About 13% of industrial production is created in the electricity sector.
Sectoral structure of industry largely operates on the world market and depends on the supply of raw materials and energy resources from other countries. The most rapidly in the U.S. are developing knowledge-intensive industries and manufacturing, as well as industries that use the latest technology and are the bearers of technological progress. High level of development is also made companies that produce consumer goods, define the standard of living.
U.S. industry is characterized by the fullness of industries, the high security of natural resources and skilled workforce, advanced scientific research base, as well as a large concentration of capital and production.
Apace evolving electric power industry, machine building and chemical industries. Their collection of particles in the products of U.S. industry more than 50%, they account for 60% of all investments in the industry.
    From the natural resources of the largest share in the volume of mining production in value terms (90%) were energy: oil, coal, natural gas and uranium. About 75% of metal mining accounted for iron ore and copper. However, up to 50% of the needs of the national economy in the mineral raw material is met through imports. In particular, the U.S. does not have the reserves of strategic metals such as chromium, manganese, tungsten, cobalt.
    The manufacturing industry provides more than 80.4% of common industrial
 products. About 13% of industrial production is created in the electricity sector. Rapidly develop the latest high-tech industries and types of industries: microelectronics, laser technology, the production of fundamentally new materials with predetermined properties, genetic engineering and biotechnology, new manufacturing technology - robots, flexible automated production systems, automated design, etc. The average annual growth rate of production robots
constitute over 36%.
U.S. possess the most advanced oil refining industry. The refineries are close to major areas of consumption of petroleum products - industrial sites North East, Port centers where imported refined oil, along the trans oil pipelines.
U.S. is the largest producer of electricity in the world. The structure of electricity generation accounted for the highest percentage of heat - 68,6% and hydro power plants - 20,2%. Special role played by nuclear power plants. The first nuclear reactor in the U.S. and the world was built in 1942 in Chicago. Power plant up 32,5% of world capacity of nuclear power plants. In the future, nuclear power plants, the national program the United States must produce nearly a quarter of the country's electricity. Currently the U.S. operates 80 nuclear power plants. Most hydropower plants are located on the rivers of Colorado, Columbia, Tennessee, to Niagara Falls.
U.S. steel industry is based on large reserves of iron ore in the area of Lake Superior, and coke coal Appalachian Basin. It also uses imported ores, which are shipped from Canada, Venezuela, Brazil.
U.S. Steel is focused on the north east of the country, in the vicinity of coal and coke deposition, iron ore. The main metallurgical area of the country is Priozerny.
In non-ferrous metallurgy U.S. occupies an important place aluminum, including the utilities (first place in the world). Complete plants operate in the areas provided with cheap energy - for power stations to Columbia and Tennessee. USA is also the first place in the production of tin, the second - to lead.
On the basis of its own deposits smelted copper in Lakeshire (second place in the world). Over the last decade, smelting of nonferrous and rare metals moved into the sea ports, mainly the Atlantic coast (New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore), which processed imported raw materials.
A promising area of development of ferrous metallurgy is Alaska, where there are deposits of nonferrous metals.
Chemical industry is one of the leading industries of the United States. The current structure of the chemical industry aimed at the production of polymeric materials (synthetic rubber, chemical fibers, plastics and synthetic resins), most of which are synthesized on the basis of petrochemical raw materials.
Powerful chemical industry operate in Los Angeles, San Francisco. The factories that produce chemical fertilizers, are available throughout the U.S..
Mechanical Engineering is a leading U.S. industries, it produces almost 40% of industrial output.
In the U.S. there are tens of thousands of manufacturing plants and thousands of companies, but control over production are only 500 of them. The largest are the monopoly of automobile General Motors and Ford Motors.
U.S., along with Germany and Japan have the full range of engineering production. It was in Detroit came first (in the XIX century.) World's largest cell of the automotive industry. This city is the capital of the U.S. automobile industry. It is going to more than 3 million cars annually. Large modern centers of the automotive industry is also New York, St. Louis, Kansas City, Flint, Atlanta, Los Angeles, Lensigton, Lansing, Dallas-Fort Wayne, Janesville, Baltimore and other (second place in the world).
The second least important branch of engineering is aviaraketostroitelnaya U.S. industry, whose centers are located in the Pacific states (California, Washington).
In the central part of the country's major centers include St. Louis, Columbus, and on the north east - New York, Boston, Gartfort (center of production of aircraft engines). Large corporations who dominate the airline business, is the Boeing (Seattle).
Electrical and electronic industry emerged in large urban areas north and north east U.S. - Chicago, New York, where he has focused most powerful scientific and technological capacity of States and the District of Los Angeles, Dallas, Houston, New Orleans. U.S. retain lead to the production of computers, producing more than half of all computers in the world.
Among the light industries most advanced U.S. textile and leather and footwear. Today markedly increased particle fabrics that are made on the basis of artificial and synthetic fibers and fabrics combined, whereas the production of woolen fabrics is reduced.
The food industry is dispersed throughout the United States. Some of the important branches of the U.S. food industry are meat, dairy, canning, flour milling, and production of alcoholic beverages. Major center of the food industry are the big cities.

                                   1.2. Agricultural sector

Agriculture is an important branch of the U.S. economy. It provides not only the domestic needs for food, but a significant amount of its exports - primarily wheat, coarse grains, soybeans.
    The share of agro-industrial complex (AIC) in the U.S. gross domestic product exceeds 20%. In this area quickly increases performance. American farmers have reached the world's highest productivity. One farmer meets the needs of agricultural products 59, while in Western Europe - 19 people in Japan - 14. This is facilitated by the use of complex and highly productive agricultural machinery, a high level of infrastructure development (including the transportation and storage of products), as well as protection and state support of agricultural production.
The cost of implementing state programs in agriculture and food constitute 4,5% of all expenditures of federal budget dollars.
In the U.S., development of grain farming, cultivation of fodder and industrial crops, horticulture and gardening. This is facilitated not only the moderate and subtropical climate, fertile soils, flat terrain of central, eastern and some western areas, and especially entrepreneurial U.S. farmers.
For the United States is characterized by a waist placement crops. Along the border with Canada, from Lake Superior to the Cordillera, is wheat belt. To the south of it, between the large lakes and the river Ohio to the east, through the city of St. Louis and Kansas City in the south to the Cordillera stretches of corn-soybean belt. Middle Atlantic coast, middle and southern Appalachian Mountains and plains, which are adjacent to them are old tobacco belt. The Florida peninsula and the Gulf Coast took a cotton belt. The foothills of the Cordillera are used as pasture.
U.S. produce more than 16% of grain in the world. Such a high rate of growth took place due to crop improvement. The structure of the gross harvest of grain most weighty importance are maize (first place in the world) and wheat (third place).
Gross grain harvest - 62.7 million tons - a third figure in the world after China and India.
Important food crop is soybeans, which are grown in most areas suitable for cropping (first place in the world).
In the arid southern Great Plains cultivate drought-resistant forage crops - sorghum (22,5% of world production). Product rice harvest is over 9 million tons (the eleventh largest in the world). Tobacco farms are most common in the Appalachian regions (North Carolina). Peanuts are grown primarily in southern states (Georgia).
Plantations of sugar cane available in Florida, Louisiana, and Hawaii (mass gathering reeds USA to ninth place in the world). Sugar beets are grown in California, Idaho, North Dakota and Minnesota. As the yield of this culture of the U.S. took third place in the world after France and Germany.
Vegetable and potato and horticulture, mainly concentrated in the western U.S., especially in California. Here, in the subtropical climate, grow tomatoes, citrus, grapes, fruits and vegetables. The second area of horticulture and vegetable production is in Florida. Gardening is also developing in the temperate zone - on the shores of the Great Lakes, in the industrial zone. Crops of potatoes dominate in the states of Idaho and Washington.
Livestock is the U.S. beef, focusing mainly on the domestic market.
As the number of cattle the U.S. ranks fourth in the world, and pigs - the second.
In the United States intensively poultry, especially industrial fattening chickens (broilers). Popular among Americans is the meat of turkeys, which are grown annually about 300 million pieces.
An ornament of American prairie are the horses on the mountain pastures of the West sheep.

                                    1.3. Services sector

Rapidly increasing share of services in GDP: the proportion is about 65% (excluding the transport and communication). The share of employment in this industry is approaching 75%.
    American statistics include the scope of non-material production and services, transportation, communications, wholesale and retail trade, public
 food, financial and credit activities and insurance services
 industrial and domestic purposes, education, health,  part science, public economic administration, as well as  activities of the military and police, political, ideological and  propaganda apparatus.
    Over 25% of all intangibles account for the provision of financial services, insurance, real estate operations. About 22% of services created in the wholesale and retail trade. 26,3% of this business, legal, social, personal services, health, recreation and entertainment, car, etc. share of transport and communications is 8,5%, and government has 18,4%.
    Investment in computers and communications in the late 90's. grew annually by 25%. Through these investments provided about 1 / 3 of U.S. economic growth. Each year, American businesses invested about 220 billion dollars in computer technology and the latest communication and another 10 billion dollars on software.
    Of great importance for the economy are transport services. In the U.S., developed all kinds of transport, the country has excellent modern transport infrastructure. In the sphere of cargo transportation is dominated by rail, and passenger traffic are the most important road and air transport.
    Transport complex plays an important role in the economic and social life. The length of the railway network in the U.S. is about 265,000 km., Roads - 6 500000 km. The share of transport accounts for about 20% of total energy consumption in the country and from 50 to 60% of the total consumption of liquid fuels. By the transport sector include the U.S. public transportation - rail, road, maritime, inland waterway, air and pipeline. Much of the cargo  and passenger transport industry performs, individual cars, personal aircraft, etc.
      Material and technical base of the transport complex is mainly  modern, characterized by high capacity and high quality. Widely implemented automated systems management  transportation process using computers, microprocessors,
 fiber optics, lasers, artificial satellites and other things.
 The most important direction to improve the quality of transport services is the introduction of traffic "just in time", the filing of freight rolling stock up to a minute. This allows the customer to do without expensive storage devices and reduce the need for working capital.
     Transport is increasingly becoming an organic part of
 complex production and transportation system, covering the entire economy, which significantly increases the efficiency of the latter.

        2.   Foreign trade activity(exports and imports of U.S.)                

Under the export means export from the country produced, grown or harvested locally produced goods. In this case the goods are of domestic origin and goods of foreign origin that are imported into the country and subjected to processing, modifying their basic quality or technical specifications, and re-export. The result of exports of goods decreased national stockpiles of wealth.

Under the import means import goods into the country. In imports include imported goods destined for domestic consumption, re-exports, and goods purchased for domestic institutions abroad. As a result, imports of goods increased national stock of wealth.
U.S. is the largest exporter and importer in the world. The relationship of leadership and partnership in the field of world trade developing between the United States, Western Europe, Japan and catch up with them the newly industrialized countries. Initially, there was an absolute predominance of the United States, and then increasing as the economies of other participants, the relationship developed into a competitive partnership in which the United States to partially give up their share of influence rivals, moving at the same function leading to a higher level. The main imports are machinery and equipment, automobiles, energy, aviation equipment, basic chemical products, food, clothing, electronic products and manufacturing industries. Main partners U.S. exports are Canada, Japan, Mexico, Britain, Germany, Korea and Taiwan. The basis of export expansion of American monopolies is vehicles, equipment, aviation equipment, chemical products and pharmaceutical products. America alone accounts for as about 20% of world exports of high-tech industries. Importing a large number of electronic components, consumer electronics and computers. Critical to the U.S. has and the fact that they accounted for nearly half of annual world grain exports. U.S. is the world's largest exporter of capital. The profits on direct investments abroad are also an important source of funding for economic development the U.S., they make up one third of total profits of American corporations. In the export of services is dominated by financial, management, transportation, medical, educational and consulting services. Increased production of goods and services sold on foreign markets is one of the main factors of the American economic growth. Approximately one third of annual GDP growth of the country is due to export production in high-tech, high-productivity sectors of economy. Imports to the U.S. economy is even more important than exports. Machinery and equipment give 2 / 3 of growth of U.S. imports, the share of cars and consumer goods accounted for a quarter of growth. The main countries exporting goods and services to the U.S. market is Canada, Japan, Mexico, China, Germany, Taiwan and the United Kingdom.

      The Nation’s international trade deficit in goods and services increased to $39.7 billion in February 2009 from $37.0 billion (revised) in January, as imports increased more than exports. 

              Figure 1. Goods and Services Deficit Increases in February (2010 est.)[1]

Goods and Services

        Exports increased to $143.2 billion in February from $142.9 billion in January. Goods were $98.5 billion in February, up from $98.4 billion in January, and services were $44.7 billion in February, up from $44.5 billion in January.

        Imports increased to $182.9 billion in February from $179.8 billion in January. Goods were $149.8 billion in February, up from $147.8 billion in January, and services were $33.1 billion in February, up from $32.0 billion in January.

        For goods, the deficit was $51.3 billion in February, up from $49.4 billion in January. For services, the surplus was $11.6 billion in February, down from $12.4 billion in January.

Goods by Category (Census basis)

        The January to February increase in exports of goods reflected increases in capital goods ($0.4 billion); automotive vehicles, parts, and engines ($0.2 billion); and industrial supplies and materials ($0.2 billion). Decreases occurred in foods, feeds, and beverages ($0.5 billion) and consumer goods ($0.2 billion). Other goods were virtually unchanged.

        The January to February increase in imports of goods reflected increases in consumer goods ($1.1 billion); industrial supplies and materials ($1.0 billion); other goods ($0.4 billion); and capital goods ($0.4 billion). Decreases occurred in automotive vehicles, parts, and engines ($0.8 billion) and foods, feeds, and beverages ($0.1 billion).

Services by Category

        The January to February increase in exports of services mostly reflected increases in other transportation ($0.1 billion), which includes freight and port services, and other private services ($0.1 billion), which includes items such as business, professional, and technical services, insurance services, and financial services. Changes in the other categories of services exports were small.

        The January to February increase in imports of services was more than accounted for by increases in royalties and license fees ($0.8 billion), which included payments for the rights to broadcast the 2010 Winter Olympic Games, other transportation ($0.2 billion), and travel ($0.1 billion). Changes in the other categories of services imports were small.

Goods by Geographic Area (Not Seasonally Adjusted)

        The goods deficit with Canada decreased from $3.9 billion in January to $2.8 billion in February. Exports increased $1.3 billion (primarily automobiles, parts, and accessories and civilian aircraft, engines, equipment, and parts) to $18.5 billion, while imports increased $0.2 billion (primarily passenger cars) to $21.3 billion.

        The goods deficit with China decreased from $18.3 billion in January to $16.5 billion in February. Exports were virtually unchanged at $6.9 billion, while imports decreased $1.8 billion (primarily other household goods and telecommunications equipment) to $23.4 billion.

        The goods deficit with the European Union increased from $2.8 billion in January to $5.3 billion in February. Exports decreased $0.8 billion (primarily pharmaceutical preparations and civilian aircraft, engines, equipment, and parts) to $17.9 billion, while imports increased $1.8 billion (primarily passenger cars, crude oil, and pharmaceutical preparations) to $23.2 billion.

  3. The system of state regulation of foreign trade in the U.S

                        3.1. Regulation of import

Application of measures of tariff regulation for importing goods into the U.S. based on the Customs Tariff.
Rate provides three modes of taxation of goods. The first applies to countries that use non-discriminatory treatment in the United States, also called most favored nation (hereinafter - MFN). Envisaged its own tariff rates are set in accordance with international agreements concluded, as a rule, the GATT / WTO (GATT-94 - General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, since 1994 - World Trade Organization). The second mode provides for preferential rates (from low to zero), as applied to certain categories of countries or commodities. They are used to developing countries (under the system of generalized preferences), although not all goods shipped in the U.S., as well as countries with which the U.S. signed a free trade agreement (Canada, Mexico, Israel, Jordan) or any other agreement special trade regime (the Caribbean countries, the Andean countries, some African countries). In addition, partially or fully exempted from customs duties for imports of American goods in the U.S., previously exported abroad and returned as unchanged, and after some processing, including assembly, as well as goods imported by tourists. This also includes the import of civilian aircraft, regulated by an Agreement concluded under the WTO.
The third regime for imports from countries not using the U.S. National Library of Russia.
Distribution of MFN to any mills without the need for special agreements with them, but in the U.S. legislation specified certain standards and criteria by which individual countries can be unilaterally denied MFN.
Rates of duties in the Customs Tariff U.S. strongly differentiated according to individual products and, as a rule, increases with increasing degree of processing of goods. Commodities imported mostly duty-free, most the same high rates apply to manufactured goods, especially consumer goods.
As the reduction of tariffs and the role of the constraints of foreign competition regulators in the U.S. market are increasingly playing a non-tariff barriers (hereinafter - NTBs).
The most rigid of their kind - a ban on importation of goods that may be imposed for reasons of national security and foreign policy interests of the country. Currently, the prohibitions apply to trade with Cuba, Iran, Libya. Citing national security concerns, the U.S. president may restrict imports of certain goods and for purely economic reasons - for example, it is so often limited to the importation of U.S. oil and petroleum products.
More widely and regularly used quotas, which are a means of protecting domestic industries and enterprises can not compete with imported goods.
Until recently, the U.S. is often used as NTBs and the mechanism of the so-called "voluntary" restrictions implemented by exporting countries, in agreement with the U.S. authorities and its input, usually under the threat of coercive restrictions on imports.
Currently, the main means of limiting the importation of certain goods (primarily non-ferrous metals) in the U.S. are anti-dumping and countervailing duties.
A special system of protection of the national market of foreign competition also operates in the field of agricultural trade (agricultural protectionism). A relatively new element of NTBs are rules of origin of goods, imposed to ensure that preferential regime in the framework of NAFTA, they could not take advantage of exporters 'foreign' countries. Hidden or indirect restrictive may have other NTBs - technical standards, sanitary and environmental norms, customs formalities, etc.

                               3.2. Regulation of export

                                          Conclusion

Foreign trade is an essential component of American economic systems, whose role in the economic development of the United States by the end of the twentieth century has increased markedly. This is primarily due to the processes of economic globalization and the deepening of international division of labor based on the acceleration of scientific - technical progress. Foreign trade of commodity markets and U.S. economy connects with other national economies, creating favorable conditions for economic growth, which allows the U.S. to successfully execute its economic potential, especially in the field of innovation and high technology. Foreign trade contributes to meeting the growing needs of American society in a variety of goods, is an effective tool in support of foreign policy and geopolitical plans of the country. Implementing these core functions helps the mechanism of state regulation of foreign trade in the U.S., to address these challenges focus American foreign trade policy.
Foreign trade plays an important role in the economic development of the United States, to create the most efficient and effective economic system and strengthening of economic and political position of the United States in the world. The value of foreign trade is gradually increasing.
The structure of both exports and imports of U.S. increasingly took the industrial production of high degree of processing, particularly high-tech goods for which demand all over the world relatively stable expands and has the best prospects for future growth. Accordingly, the priority being given to U.S. trade relations with countries that have embarked on the path to modernity that have achieved success in organizing the mass production of competitive manufactured goods and applying the latest technologies.
Arsenal of state regulation of import in the U.S. is very diverse, with its principal place of it now occupy non-tariff barriers. Having to trade liberalization, the U.S., however, build their trade policies are pragmatic, not hesitating to resort to protectionist tools, when it seems advantageous.
In the area of export policy, the emphasis is on providing comprehensive assistance to U.S. companies in their activities in foreign markets, eliminate trade barriers created in the way of U.S. exports of other nations, which seek to protect their producers.
The priority of national interests - is, ultimately, the main thing that determines the choice of American leadership means, methods and areas of trade policy in certain specific circumstances.