Theoretical problems of the study of phraseological unit

• to keep closer to the wall;
• to have an advantage of someone.

2. To have a way (with one) ( to have apath) means:

• to be courteous;
• to be able to communicate.

        The second model : Verb+(determinant)+Adjective+Noun unites a constant or with a constant-invariant dependence of the constituents.

    Phraseological units with constant dependence are represenred by the following set phrases: to have itching ears( to have ached ears) means to like news, gossips; to have leaden feet( to possess leaden feet) means that the feet ate too heavy; to have a smooth tongue ( to possess a smooth tongue) means to be talkative; to have second thoughts ( to possess second thoughts) means to change one’s mind.

        Phraseological units with constant-invariant dependence of the constituents are represented by the following set phrases with these types of variants:

1. to have a long tongue / to have a loose tongue means to be too talkative;
2. to have strong feelings / to have strong feelings on a subject means to take smth close to heart;
3. to have light gingers / to have sticky fingers means to have the ability to steal;

       The third model Verb+(determinant)+Noun+Preposition+smb/smth   characterizes verbal phraseological units with three constituents and implies constant-alternant and constant-invariant- alternant dependence of the constituents. There aren’t many phraseological units of the constant-alternant model and it belongs to low colloquial vocabulary:

1. to have a dash at something means to try to do smth;
2. to have a look of somebody (something) means to look like;
3. to have a stake in something means to be interested in something.

       Phraseological units of the constant-invariant-alternant model are used in the contemporary English. Adjectival, substantive and verbal constituents can undergo different variations:

        to have a fling at something / to take a fling at something / to have a stab at something / to make a stab at something means to try to do smth.

      The most widespread variants are verbal:

1. to have / to take a whack at something means to try to do smth;
2. to have / bear / hold / nurse a grudge against somebody means to be angry with someone.

       The fourth model is Verb+(determinant)+Noun+Preposition+smb/smth+ Noun unites four constituent phraseological unites constant-alternant and constant-invariant- alternant dependence. There can be given following examplesof constant-alternant dependence:

 to have a corner in somebody’s heart means to be beloved.

Here are the examples of constant-invariant- alternant dependence:

1. to have a head on one’s shoulders  / to have got a head on one’s  shoulders / to have (got) a good head on one’s shoulders  / with a head on one’s shoulders means to be clever;
2. to have a film over one’s eyes / to have got a film over one’s eyes / to have a film over the eyes means can’t see well;

        Having analyzed the peculiarities of grammatical structure of the contemporary English phraseology with the constituent to have we admit that the most widespread models have three or four constituents.

 

        2.2. Compiling a list of phraseological units with the component have

 

               One of the goals of our research was compiling a list of phraseological units with the component have

               To compile a list of phraseological units with the component have we have analyzed the Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary (2003), Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English (2004). In the result we selected 52 phraseological units with the component have and compiled a list of them.

 

1. To have a big mouth – somebody who tells secrets, who is a gossip.
2. To have a bee in your bonnet – to have an obsession, something that always remains in your thoughts and efforts.
3. To have a brush with something – to have brief contact, or experience with someone or something.
4. To have a chip on your shoulder – to be in a bad mood and challenging people to fight.
5. To have a close call – to be close to danger.
6. To have a familiar ring – to sound familiar, as if you've heard it before.
7. To have a green thumb –to be very good at gardening.
8. To have a heart – to be compassionate or generous and forgiving with somebody.
9. To have a one-track mind – always thinking about one thing.
10. To have a sweet tooth – to like sweets too much. 
11. To have clean hands – without guilt, guiltless.
12. To have egg on one's face – to be embarrassed after having done something very stupid.
13. To have a ball – to have a fun.
14. To have a bite – to consume food.
15. To have a case – to establish facts; put to a test.
16. To have a crack – to try, make effort.
17. To have a fit – to become, make afraid or distressed, be angry.
18. To have the age  – to have the advantage of.
19. To have guts  – to be decisive.
20. To have kittens  – to get extremely upset.
21. To have appeal – to impress.

22. To have a bone-– to be infatuated with a girl.

23. To have the bird – to be fired.

24. To have a way (with one) – to have success in dealing with.

25. To have itching ears  – to like gossips.

26. To have leaden feet – ached feet.

27. To have a smooth tongue –to be eloquent.

28. To have mixed feelings  – to have a double feeling.

29.To have second thoughts –to change one’s mind.

30. To have long hands – to be powerful.

31. To have a long tongue / to have a loose tongue – to be too talkative.

32. To have strong feelings / to have strong feelings on a subject –to take something to heart.

33. To have light fingers / to have sticky fingers – to steal.

34. To have a quick wit / to have a ready wit / to have quick wits – to be quick-minded. 35. To have a slow wit / to have slow wits – to be slow-minded.

36. To have long ears / to have got long ears – to be vey curious.

37. To have a second string / to have a second string to one’s bow – to have a change.

38. To have a dash at something – to try to do something.

39. To have a look of somebody (something) – to look like.

40. To have a stake in something – to be interested in something.

41. To have a pash for somebody – to fall in love with somebody.

42. To have a case on somebody – to fall in love with somebody.

43. To have a shy at somebody – to tease.

44. To have a nose for something / to have a good nose for something – to see everything clear.

45. To have a fling at something / to take a fling at something / to have a stab at something / to make a stab at something – to try to do something.

46. To have / to take a whack at something – to try to do something.

47. To have / bear / hold / nurse a grudge against somebody – to be angry with somebody.

48. To have a corner in somebody’s heart – to be beloved.

49. To have a cobweb in one’s throat – to be thirsty.

50. To have a head on one’s shoulders  / to have got a head on one’s  shoulders / to have (got) a good head on one’s shoulders  / with a head on one’s shoulders –to be quick-minded.

51. To have a film over one’s eyes / to have got a film over one’s eyes / to have a film over the eyes – distinguish unclear.

52. To have bats in one’s belfry / to have bats in the belfry – to be eccentric.

 

 

Conclusion

 

On the basis of the results of the research we came to the following   conclusions:

1. Any language is characterized by original, unique phraseology connected with the traditions, culture and mentality of its speakers. Phraseology is a kind of picture gallery in which vivid and amusing sketches of the nation’s traditions and prejudices, recollections of its past history, scraps of folk songs and fairy-tales are collected.
2. Phraseology is the branch of lexicology specializing in phraseological units-word-groups which are characterized by stability of structure and transferred meaning.
3. In modern linguistics, there is considerable confusion about the terminology associated with the word-groups referred as phraseological units in the work. Most Russian scholars use the term “phraseological unit”. The term “idiom” is widely used by western scholars.
4. Phraseological units can be classified according to the ways they are formed, according  to the degree of the motivation of their meaning, according to their structure and according to their part-of-speech meaning.
5. Study of the structure of the language units is one of the rapidly developing way in the contemporary phraseology .
6. The structural – grammatical analysis of the phraseological material makes it possible to define the nature of compatibility of the verb to have with other words and to examine the most widespread phrases with this verb and to reveal the most used types of verbal set phrases in the contemporary English speech.
7. There are four widespread structural - grammatical models with a verbal component have in English.
8. Common feature of the structural composition of all the models with a verbal

component have is in verbal - objective relations with subsequent extension by an adjectival component or prepositional - substantive phrase.

9. The research showed that the most numerous structural-grammatical models consist of three and four constituents. There are a little fewer phraseological units with two constituents.  
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