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Конверсия
Affix word-formation.
Derived nouns:
-derived nouns with agnative meaning.
| affix | productivity | w-f model | meaning and semantic classes | the usage | historic appearance and evolution | comments | |
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | |
| -er -or -ee -ist -ite1 -ite2 -man1 |
the most productive. It has
almost absolutely productivity. The synonym suf -er, but less
productive. Is not very productive because
the semantic class of V stems capable to join this suf is not numerous:
they are the Vs with ‘to hang over´, ‘entrust´ meaning productive syn with ist
in the meaning of a person but is less productivity it is an homonym of -ite1
and productive syn with -er that is why has the less productivity.
|
N+er>N Adj+er>N Num+er>N V+er1>N V+er2>N V+or>N V+ee>N N+ist>N N+ite>N N+ite>N N+man>N Adj+man>
N V+man>N |
-there are some nouns which
means belonging to the place :Londoner, Englander.
-inhabitant of some area :foreigner, Britisher. -Adj. means color or special indication. Derivatives have the meaning of quality or indication: greener, fresher ‘a student of the first year´. -a person of an age: fifteeners, forty niner. -value of money: fiver, 5$, 5 pounds;
tenner 10$, 10p. Agnetive meaning: -profession activity of a person: sewer, singer, learner. -a person acting in such way at that moment: singer, speaker, learner. -a person who
has the indication and ability to do this action: swimmer.1 Instrumental
meaning: denotes instruments, devices, etc: to sow >sower, to
atomize > atomizer, to silence >silenser. -science and technical terms: generator, indicator, radiator. -instrumental
meaning -has the meaning
of object of acting which denoted by the stem. This object can be direct
or indirect , it depends on the object which the V stem needs: employee
‘one who is employee´, detainee
‘prisoner´. The active meaning ‘a person´. There are different nuance of meaning which depends on derivant stem: -means a person whose occupation marked by the stem: machinist, automobilist, violinist. -a person occupied in that brunch of activity which the stem denotes: geologist, biologist. -a follower of some doctrine, theory, idea, view, etc.: Darwinist, Pushcinist. -a supporter
of a political and since tendency: communist, pacifist.
-inhabitant of the area, country, island, town: Sydneyite, suburbanite, cityite; -a follower
of the doctrine, since and political tendency, etc.: Hitlerite, Marxite.
-joins the stems of proper people´s names, who was the first who found out the mineral, chemical or explosive substance, or the place where they were first found or discovered: hauerite ‘after F Von Haure, Australian geologist´, dolomite ‘after the French geologist Dolomier´, yprite ‘from Ypres, a town in N W Belgium´. -names of chemical
or explosive substance where the main indications are denoted by the
stem: sepiolite < sepia (L: colour); speularite < specular
‘reflecting´, speculum ‘reflector´. -denotes a
person or a person used some instrument: iceman, logman, panman. -a person
living on the area: Englishman, Walshman. -a person doing an action: watchman.2
|
ordinary speech slang ordinary speech different brunches
of science and agriculture science speech juridical and administrative
terms ordinary speech ordinary speech science speech ordinary speech |
OE :
N+er>N V+er>N had the meaning ‘a person doing ... what the stem denotes´: OE cartere-MoE carter, OE utridere-MoE out rider. ME the meaning become wider: hatter, hunter. It took the
meaning ‘belong to some area´ Londoner. Goes back to
the Roman language. In ME period V+or>N had agnetive and instrumental
meaning. In MoE has instrumental meaning in different brunches of since:
reactor (1928), compressor (1920), eluminator (1928).
Roman Vs perlocated
in English with French juridical and administrative terms named persons:
appellee, assignee. Later -ee began joining the German V stems:
drawee.
Is taken in English as a word-formative element (F-iste, L-ista, Gr-istes).
In MoE me can met not only in prevocated from R but in new-forms. Greece origin. In OE period there are a lot of ´-man´ words with and without the interfix ‘-s-‘: carlman, ceap-man >chapman, r des-man > redesman. MoE leman <ME lemman, lefman <OE leof (dear) + mann (man). Now the stem le- is not used by itself and the words leman are not used without special aim. |
Can produce compounds: -can-opener,
ice-breaker;
-giver-up, teen-ager, breakfaster. Do not produce the N: -when there is the other word with the same meaning: student instead of steadier (though it has appeared in the language but it is used rather seldom). -when there
is the -er word in the language: betting-man
instead of better (one who bets) as there is better
in the language (adv. from well and adj. from good). It is usually joined the V stem ended by -ate (in MoE ended by -t): to collect> collector, to select >
selector. But none was formed on the English basis.
Though the
suf -ee is not very productive, some times it maids fresh formations.
It joins
the proper names of initiators of some doctrines, tendencies, etc. To produce
the names of sols the suff joins the N stems denotes the names of acids
ended by -ous: nitrite < nitrous acid. As one word there are 65% -man words in English, the words written hyphenate are about 10%; with interfix -s- -22%: salesman3 ; words written distinctly -3%. It is typical
for these words saving the emphasis in first component (the difference
between man words and compounds). | |
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