Scotland

Сreative task.  
The history of Scotland.   
History of England.   
The union of Scotland and England.  
 

Table of Contents.  
 
Chapter 1. The history of Scotland. 
Symbols of Scotland. 
Scottish cuisine. 
National clothes of  Scotland. 
Cities in Scotland. 
Attractions in Scotland 
 
Chapter 2. History of England. 
Сuisine of England 
Museums, libraries, and galleries  
National symbols  
National costume of England 
 
Chapter 3. The Union of England and Scotland. 
Treaty of alliance. 
Union during the interregnum 
Criticisms 
A new Scottish Parliament 
300th anniversary  
 

The history of Scotland.

 

Scotland is famous for its dismal greyness, cold, endless rain, a little gloomy beauty of the picturesque valleys, heather-covered uplands, ancient castles, is known worldwide for its Loch Ness monster, bagpipes and Scottish cloth and avarice (greed) of local residents. Traditional Scottish ("cattle") cookbook begins: "If you came to visit, go and take an egg from a neighbor." 
 
As everyone knows, Scotland - a part of modern Britain, at the same time, this very special part of it, since the British occupation forces are still trying to brainwash (at the same time robbing the oil and gas), local people, destroying their culture, national language, subjugating their .. It occupies the north and adjacent islands (or rather, 787 islands belonging to the group of the Hebrides, Orkney and Shetland Islands), its area is about one-third the area of ​​the UK (787.7 sq. km.), And the population - about one-tenth (5, 1 million people).Scotland on three sides by seas - the North Sea in the east and the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west. The main city - Edinburgh. On the day for today's Scotland is actively populated by Poles - in 2006 they came to more than 500,000 people - to clean toilets Scots are actively multiplying in a strange land, carrying out creeping occupation (as the Chinese in the Far East of Russia)

Official language - English, but they say here in Scotland, which is a kind of English. Those who knows English, should not deceive ourselves: even after graduating from a special school, arrived in Scotland, you will understand a little bit and not immediately. In the north of Scotland and the islands speak Gaelic - the language of the Scots of Celtic origin. Scotland has some of the autonomous rights - its legal and educational systems, banknotes are printed on special designs, but make no mistake, though they are mandatory for acceptance in England, Scottish banknotes are not accepted in many (if not almost all) shops in England. So strong hatred of the English invaders to the Scots. So they did and with the language of Scotland, killing its bearers, and enslaving them, until the country has finally subsided, and now they have printed indexes of roads and settlements in the local language - after being virtually wiped out the entire population of Scotland. In Edinburgh, the Scottish Parliament in session, but this was given the prerogative of Scotland recently - in 1999 alone. Scotland has its own government. But the head of state for Scotland is the Queen Elizabeth. Patron Saint of Scotland is. Andrew (St. Andrew), his day is celebrated by Scots around the world on November 30.

In ancient times, Scotland was inhabited by the Picts and the Gauls, in the V - VI centuries. came here from Ireland, Scots, who gave the name of this place (country of Scots). After several centuries of struggle with the Picts in 843 Scots was crowned king of this Kenneth Mac-Alpine. In the XI century, there was a social, political and religious revolution - Scottish King Malcolm Kenmor, who had married an English princess Margaret, began anglizatsiyu the country, seeking to enter the British tradition and language. At this time, between the two countries have established strong trade ties. By XI century there emerged the Scottish kingdom, uniting the territory where the few ruled by powerful clans. After the Norman conquest of England (in 1066) the culture of Scotland was influenced by French culture. 
 
Scotland flourished until the beginning of XIV century, when English King Edward I decided not to subordinate it to the English crown. Over the next three centuries, marred by bloody wars, Scotland remained independent, but impoverished country. The struggle against British rule led by Robert Bruce, the hero of Scotland, ascended the Scottish throne in Skoukone and smashed the British at Bannockburn, after which Britain recognized the independence of Scotland. In 1371 was the beginning of the Stuart dynasty in Scotland. In 1603 England and Scotland were still together, but not as a result of the war, and with the accession with the help of those who wish to see England again Catholic, to the English throne the Scottish King James I, son of Mary Stuart. 

The story of Mary Stuart, who was executed by order of Queen Elizabeth, was the basis for literary and musical works. In 1707 during the reign of Queen Anne Stewart signed the Act of personal union of England and Scotland, in connection with which there was the notion of 'Britain' - this is not true, there was the concept of United Kingdom - the kingdom, the combined treachery, hypocrisy and oppression. By the act of union, both countries had a monarch and a parliament, but Scotland retained its Church (Puritan ideology on, called Presbyterian because it was led by lay people selected from the community leaders - the elders) and the judicial system. Despite the formal unification of the peoples of the countries did not feel friendly toward each other. Subsequent English monarchs, and in 1714 ascended the English throne Hanoverian dynasty, were not favorably disposed to Scotland and her freedom-loving and industrious people. 

 

Mary Stuart

The Industrial Revolution contributed to the development of cotton production and shipbuilding, as well as the prosperity of the trade. However, the ensuing crisis of overpopulation and starvation forced many Scots to leave their country. Entire wave ready to perform the most menial jobs Scots immigrated to North America, New Zealand and Australia. The idea of ​​an independent Scotland has not been forgotten for many centuries - in fact the British series was cut out and betrayed the elite, enslave her, mocking the Scots .. In the twentieth century, it found expression in the establishment of its own parliament. 

Symbols of Scotland

 

  
Scotland is rich not only official state symbols, along with it there and so-calledsemi-official character - a unicorn holding a shield and coat of arms adorns many of the historical, thistles - portrayed in the national currency bills, Bagpipes -Scottish musical instrument; tartan - an ornament that adorns the Scottish kilts .

Scottish cuisine.

 

Scotland is famous for several dishes. This haggis, which is prepared to calf or sheep offal, oatmeal, onions and spices, cooked in the intestines; tettis - potatoes with meat and vegetables, smoked haddock and potato soup ebrot Smoky, venison cooked in port wine, beef, marinated in whiskey; kolkennon made from cabbage, carrots, turnips and potatoes, goat cheese kroudi - a simple white cheese, a bit of preparing podkisshego milk with salt and pepper, smoked salmon, usually served as a snack, and very popular pies stuffed with meat, with onions and without (as indicated by the presence of holes in the cake), chocolate pudding. Of course, as true Englishmen, Scots can not live without the famous oatmeal. Oatmeal served with milk, it is useful and well-saturates, so that you can easily make it to lunch. Previously, Scottish farmers brewed a pot of oatmeal for a week. Once cooked porridge cooled, cut it into pieces, and the farmer took her with him to work in the field. The most popular drink in Scotland - askuibo, whiskey, made from pure malt. About whiskey could fill a ballad, so it is best to dedicate a separate story.

 

haggis

 

whiskey

National clothes of Scotland.

 

Known worldwide Scottish kilt is worn on the highlanders for centuries. He kilt, which we think of today, little has changed its original appearance. In the Victorian era, the beginning and middle of the XIX century to the usual skirt added to the cell Scottish coat and leather handbag with fur, tight skinny leg pants, suspenders. Kilt - Men's Clothing. Women were and are today a national clothing - pleated skirts, the length of which is strictly defined - no less and no higher than mid-knee. Other Clothes Highlanders - Scottish plaid or great kilt, which is worn for protection from weather and moisture.

Cities in Scotland.

 

Edinburgh became the capital of Scotland, only in the XII century. Prior to that, the Scottish kings were crowned at Scone first, then in Dunfermline. Edinburgh is situated in an extraordinarily beautiful place, between sea and hills. One of the main attractions - the ancient castle of basalt, on the territory of which the oldest building in Edinburgh - Chapel of Queen Margaret of Scotland. Here are kept the Scottish crown, scepter and sword of state, considered one of the most ancient royal insignia of Europe. In the hall of the medieval Great Hall, and now hold banquets.

The castle is popular not less than the Tower. With a magnificent view of the city. Royal Palace of Holyroodhouse - the official residence of the queen during her stay in Scotland. The palace was built by order of King James IV in 1498, lived in it, and Mary of Scotland. For a long time abandoned the palace back to life, King George IV. Here, gathered a fine collection of French and Flemish tapestries. In the old town buildings are concentrated XVI and XVII centuries (the old parliament, where the court is situated today, the building of Mowbray House of XV century - the oldest building in town). The new town is more streamlined than the old one, there are many areas in which to relax lovers can visit the many pubs and restaurants (after all, Edinburgh is the capital of gastronomy in Britain).

  

Attractions in Scotland

 

Highlands is famous for its lakes, the most mysterious of them, of course, is the Lake Ness (or the Loch Ness). Loch Ness Lake - the largest reservoir of fresh water in Britain. The water is very cold, and above it is almost always going to fog and clouds. It was here, according to legend, lived a monster, nicknamed Nessie.Tales of a certain animal that lives in water, have existed since ancient times, but only after 1933, when the lake was built around the new road was to come here a lot of people. And then for some reason, the monster began to notice more and more. For the first time the monster was photographed by Hugh Gray, who only in death bed in 1993, admitted that his shots were just a fraud, falsification. In 1934, a student vet if he saw the giant plesiosaur with a small head, long neck and a large trunk, crossing the road near the lake. In 1960 the animal was shot on video, but the image was very fuzzy, and the author of the film, Tim Dinsdeyl spent the next twenty years in anticipation of the new fortune. In 1970 the American Academy of Applied Sciences started the study, and two years later, the camera recorded something, and in 1975 received the picture, but still very vague. Find Nessie and tried using submersibles, but found a lot of salmon, but not a monster. Today there is no evidence of the existence of the Loch Ness monster, the myth continues to attract many tourists to the shores of a picturesque lake. 

Loch Ness Lake

History of England.

 

The population of the British Isles dates back to the Ice Age, when the archipelago was connected to mainland Europe by an isthmus. The indigenous population of Britain and Ireland, the inhabitants of about 50 000 years BC 700 g.do.n.e.replaced by the beginning of the Celts - an ancient people with a distinctive culture and language, once inhabited almost the whole of Western Europe. The Celts at the time already owned by treatment of iron and primitive Britons, armed only with stone axes and spears, had nothing to oppose them. 
 
 
More than 700 years of British Celts ruled unchallenged until the 55 g.do.n.e.landed on the island is not the legions of Julius Caesar. Sometimes fire and sword, sometimes flattery and bribery, the Romans slowly but inexorably occupied a large part of the island, stopping only at the threshold of Scotland, which he did not resigned. In 43 AD Britain joined the Roman Empire on the rights of the province. 

The Roman domination lasted almost four centuries, and has left its mark in the history of Britain. The Romans brought with them the alphabet, ancient culture and crafts. They built a city Londonium (London), Eborakum (New York) and many others. From them were fortresses, aqueducts, paved roads. Many of the Celts, mostly residents of the cities and know were to speak and write in Latin, gained access to the ancient culture, drawn away from their "wild" relatives who are sincerely despised, and, therefore, were the most reliable support of the Roman conquerors. In the III century BC, when the mainland of the Roman Empire was subjected to more and more frequent invasions of "barbarians", the rulers of Rome was not up to the distant province. More and more troops "temporarily" withdraw to their homeland, and beyond them stretched out, and the Roman citizens who settled in Britain. In 409, the last Roman soldiers left the island, leaving a "Romanized" Celts at the mercy of the Scots, Irish, and Saxons, from time to raids from Germany.

Germanic tribes - Angles, Saxons, Jutes and Frisians quickly realized that the islands are vulnerable and their attacks quickly escalated into an invasion. Since 430 years they have become less and less to go home, preferring to spend the winter on the islands. Unlike the Romans, the Germans did not flirt with the local population, preferring to destroy them to clear the area. They believed, to paraphrase the cynical saying Americans that "a good Briton - dead Briton."Local people have been partially assimilated by them and the subject, partly destroyed, and many emigrated to the Strait of Armorica, later on behalf of immigrants named Brittany. By the end of IX century the concept of "Briton" disappears from the sources: Britain is no longer belonged to the British. 

The conquerors of the island population as established here seven new kingdoms, the so-called eptarhiyu. It was Kent, where the Jutes settled, three Saxon State - Wessex, Essex and Sussex (the land, respectively, the western, eastern and southern Saxons), and the three kingdoms of England - Northumbria, Mercia and East Anglia. Their restless leaders - eptarhi - were for VII-VIII centuries unending struggle for the leadership and the subordination of its neighbors. The role played by unifiers mostly Saxons, especially the kings of Wessex, but the numerical preponderance of the Angles provided the priority of their dialect, which formed the basis of modern English. They also gave a new name for the country, zakrepivshees her in Medieval - England. The new conquerors as well as the Romans were not able to join Scotland, remaining independent until the XVIII century.

  

Norman Duke William

 

Anglo-Saxon King Harold

 

he Norman Duke William and his army landed on the island and in the Battle of Hastings routed the army of Anglo-Saxon King Harold, killing himself and was crowned in London on Christmas Day 1066. It is from this year begins the story as a unified kingdom of England, as William I known as the conqueror united under his scepter all the small kingdoms of England and Wales.

Edward I was more interested in the conquest of France than in the conquest of other lands the British Isles. After the beginning of the Norman Conquest, William I allowed his vassals to seize the land of Wales, which they successfully did. Independent left only the mountainous north of the country, but he conquered in 1282. In 1284 Edward joined to West Wales in England, bringing it to the English system of division of the county, but did not go further into the lands of the Norman vassals.

 

Edward I

The British decided that Wales has joined for economic reasons. If they need a ruler - Prince - though they will be. Edward I held a ceremony at which he proclaimed his son, Edward II, Prince of Wales. Since then declared heir to the British throne, Prince of Wales has become a tradition of British monarchy. .

Edward I on the right of inheritance possessed almost all of Ireland - the domain of the Normans, but he tried to win and Scotland, which ended with the complete defeat of the British Army in 1314. The victorious Scots on the battlefield have vowed never to depend on England, and kept the oath almost 400 years old. 
 
 
The Scots, in an attempt to fend off pesky British signed an agreement with France, its obvious ally. France has won him larger than Scotland, but both countries have agreed that if any of them would attack England, the second will be to divert the brunt. . 
 
 
In France, meanwhile, increased the influence of the French king, who wanted to get rid of unruly vassals, one of whom was King of England, who owned the French province of Aquitaine. In 1337 the war started, that the descendants would be called "century" .. 

Edward II, Edward I, the heir has not shown himself a brilliant military leader and as a result of the war England had lost all their lands in France, with the exception of the northern port of Calais, although the first British troops fought very well. They were better armed and trained than the French, skillfully used the bow and arrow which penetrated almost any defense. In 1356 the British army was captured by the King of France, who later bought his freedom for 500 thousand pounds, an unheard-of sum of money in those days. . 
 
 
By convention, in 1360 Edward III gave up the rights to the French throne, but took on all the old possessions of England - Aquitaine and Gascony, Normandy and Breton side, and once again captured by the French port of Calais. The French king reluctantly parted with these lands, which he pushed forward over the next fifteen years. He failed to return a valuable coastal land around Calais, Brest, Bordeaux and other cities. .

During the Civil War trade of England is seriously shaken, but Henry was able to restore it almost in pre-war volume, using as a way to Europe the Netherlands and Belgium. He was able to discipline the army, re-create the fleet, to temper ambitions of the nobility. After the death of the monarch remained in the treasury two million pounds, or about 15 annual income of the country. This money to his son Henry VIII, cruel, vicious and wasteful did not last long. Dreamed of becoming an influential person in Europe, the young king had a lot of ambition, which never came true. Henry VIII tried to oppose the powerful weakened Britain France and Spain (the latter owned much of Europe). Henry's frustration knew no bounds. He spent all the money, the accumulation of his father, on the establishment and maintenance of the royal court and unnecessary war. Gold and silver from the newly discovered America only added heat to the fire. Henry has worsened the quality of silver coins in a quarter century, the pound sterling has fallen by seven times. Trying to find new revenue streams Henry VIII went to an open conflict with the Catholic Church, not only in England, who owned vast wealth, but also consuming a tidbit from the State for its extortion and church taxes from an already impoverished population. 

The occasion served to break the divorce of Henry VIII to Catherine of Aragon by his wife, for 15 years and bore him no heir. In the divorce did not give consent Pope, urged the Spanish king Charles V. In 1531 Henry persuaded the bishops to admit his own head of the English Church, which in 1534 was fixed by law, and the king was able to divorce Catherine and marry Anne Boleyn. However, the gap with Rome, Henry was a political rather than religious, because the king did not approve of the ideas of the Reformation, stirred Europe. The English Church was just one of the branches of the Catholic, although failure to recognize the Pope as its head put it in the category of heresy. Another one of the parties 'reformist' Henry VIII was financial: the king has closed more than 500 monasteries and monks gathered treasures support leaky ship afloat in the state treasury. Proving that does not want to break away from the bosom of the Catholic Church for good, the king brutally persecuted Protestants in England.

 

Henry VIII

Сuisine of England

 

Since the Early Modern Period the food of England has historically been characterized by its simplicity of approach and a reliance on the high quality of natural produce. During the Middle Ages and through the Renaissance period, English cuisine enjoyed an excellent reputation, though a decline began during the Industrial Revolution with the move away from the land and increasing urbanization of the populace. The cuisine of England has, however, recently undergone a revival, which has been recognized by the food critics with some good ratings in Restaurant's best restaurant in the world charts. An early book of English recipes is the Forme of Cury from the royal court of Richard II.

Traditional examples of English food include the Sunday roast, featuring a roasted joint, usually beef, lamb or chicken, served with assorted boiled vegetables, Yorkshire pudding and gravy. Other prominent meals include fish and chips and the full English breakfast—consisting of bacon, grilled tomatoes, fried bread, black pudding, baked beans, fried mushrooms, sausages and eggs. Various meat pies are consumed such as steak and kidney pie, cottage pie, Cornish pasty and pork pie, the last of which is eaten cold.

Sausages are commonly eaten, either as bangers and mash or toad in the hole. Lancashire hotpot is a well known stew. Some of the most popular cheeses are Cheddar and Wensleydale. Many Anglo-Indian hybrid dishes, curries, have been created such as chicken tikka masala and balti. Sweet English dishes include apple pie, mince pies, spotted dick, scones, Eccles cakes, custard and sticky toffee pudding. Common drinks include tea, whose popularity was increased by Catherine of Braganza, while alcoholic drinks include wines, ciders and English beers such as bitter, mild, stout, and brown ale.

Museums, libraries, and galleries  

 

English Heritage is a governmental body with a broad remit of managing the historic sites, artifacts and environments of England. It is currently sponsored by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport. The charity National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty holds a contrasting role. 17 of the 25 United Kingdom UNESCO World Heritage Sites fall within England. Some of the best known of these include; Hadrian's Wall, Stonehenge, Avebury and Associated Sites, Tower of London, Jurassic Coast, Saltaire, Ironbridge Gorge, Studley Royal Park and various others.

There are many museums in England, but the most notable is London's British Museum. Its collection of more than seven million objects is one of the largest and most comprehensive in the world, sourced from every continent, illustrating and documenting the story of human culture from its beginning to the present. The British Library in London is the national library and is one of the world's largest research libraries, holding over 150 million items in all known languages and formats; including around 25 million books. The most senior art gallery is the National Gallery in Trafalgar Square, which houses a collection of over 2,300 paintings dating from the mid-13th century to 1900. The Tate galleries house the national collections of British and international modern art; they also host the famously controversial Turner Prize

National symbols  

 

The St George's Cross has been the national flag of England since the 13th century. Originally the flag was used by the maritime Republic of Genoa. The English monarch paid a tribute to the Doge of Genoa from 1190 onwards, so that English ships could fly the flag as a means of protection when entering the Mediterranean. A red cross was a symbol for many Crusaders in the 12th and 13th centuries. It became associated with Saint George, along with countries and cities, which claimed him as their patron saint and used his cross as a banner. Since 1606 the St George's Cross has formed part of the design of the Union Flag, a Pan-British flag designed by King James I.

There are numerous other symbols and symbolic artefacts, both official and unofficial, including the Tudor rose, the nation's floral emblem, the White Dragon, and the Three Lions featured on the Royal Arms of England. The Tudor rose was adopted as a national emblem of England around the time of the Wars of the Roses as a symbol of peace. It is a syncretic symbol in that it merged the white rose of the Yorkists and the red rose of the Lancastrians—cadet branches of the Plantagenets who went to war over control of the nation. It is also known as the Rose of England. The oak tree is a symbol of England, representing strength and endurance. The term Royal Oak alludes to the escape of King Charles II from the grasp of the parliamentarians after his father's execution: he hid in an oak tree to avoid detection before safely reaching exile.