Контрольная работа по "Английскому языку"

 
 
 
 
Контрольное задание № 1 Вариант 10.

Задание 1. Переведите предложения и поставьте  их в отрицательную форму. Задайте по одному вопросу с вопросительными словами приведенными в

скобках.

1. Sales promotion, advertising, and salesmanship are the major techniques used in merchandising products to the public. (What... for?)

Sales promotion, advertising, and salesmanship are not the major techniques used in merchandising products to the public.

What major techniques used for merchandising products to the public?

2. In the USA, a growing promotional technique involved in-home shopping programs using cable television channels. (Where?)

In the USA, a growing promotional technique didn’t involve in-home shopping programs using cable television channels.

Where did a growing promotional technique involve in-home shopping programs using cable television channels?

3. Sales Promotion, element of the marketing process that can close the sale of goods or services to a potential customer by providing the incentive to make a positive purchase decision. (How?)

Sales Promotion, element of the marketing process that can not close the sale of goods or services to a potential customer by providing the incentive to make a positive purchase decision.

How can Sales Promotion close the sale of goods or services to a potential customer?

4. Greater attention was given to training the sales force and to providing buyer incentives. (What ...to?)

Greater attention wasn’t given to training the sales force and to providing buyer incentives.

What was given to training the sales force and to providing buyer incentives?

5. The early salesman carried his goods on his back or on his horse, working his way from a port city through the hinterlands. (Who?).

The early salesman didn’t carry his goods on his back or on his horse, working his way from a port city through the hinterlands.

Who carried his goods on his back or on his horse, working his way from a port city through the hinterlands?

6. The travelling salesman appeared late in the 19th century both in Europe and in the U.S. (When?)

The travelling salesman didn’t appear late in the 19th century both in Europe and in the U.S.

When did the travelling salesman appear both in Europe and in the U.S?

7. Persuasive skill was less important in those days of unsatisfied demand, and orders were readily forthcoming. (What?)

Persuasive skill wasn’t less important in those days of unsatisfied demand, and orders were not readily forthcoming.

What was less important in those days of unsatisfied demand, and orders were readily forthcoming?

8. By 1900, however, with the increasing supply of manufactured goods, buyers became more discriminating in their purchases. (Who?)

By 1900, however, with the increasing supply of manufactured goods, buyers didn’t become more discriminating in their purchases.

Who became more discriminating in their purchases with the increasing supply of manufactured goods?

9. The use of sales promotion practices has experienced steady growth in the 20th century. (When?)

The use of sales promotion practices hasn’t experienced steady growth in the 20th century.

When has the use of sales promotion experienced steady growth?

10. Selling by telephone is significantly less effective than personal selling. (Why?)

Selling by telephone isn’t significantly less effective than personal selling.

Why is selling by telephone significantly less effective than personal selling?

Задание    2.    Переведите    предложения    на    русский    язык.    Вставьте пропущенные предлоги: in, at, for, to, of, by, on, either.. .or, neither.. .nor, with.

1. The minimum number of shares that a member nation must purchase varies according to the relative strength of its national economy.

Минимальное число акций, которые должна приобрести страна-участник, изменяется согласно относительной силе ее народного хозяйства.

2. Before a nation can secure a loan, advisers and experts representing the bank must determine that the prospective borrower can meet conditions stipulated by the bank.

Прежде, чем нация может получить ссуду, советники и эксперты, представляющие банк, должны решить, что предполагаемый заемщик может удовлетворять условиям, предусмотренным банком.

3. After the loan has been made, the bank requires periodic reports both from the borrower and from its own observers at the use of the loan and on the progress of the project.

После того, как ссуда была сделана, банк требует регулярных докладов и от заемщика и от его собственных  наблюдателей при использовании  ссуды и на продвижении проекта.

4. Membership in the bank is a prerequisite for membership in either the IFC or the IDA.

Членство  в банке - предпосылка для членства или в Международной Финансовой Корпорации или в Международной Ассоциации Развития.

5. The executive directors are headed by the president of the World Bank, whom they elect for a 5-year term, and who must either a governor or a director.

Руководители  отделов возглавляются президентом  Всемирного банка, которого они выбирают на 5-летний срок, и который должен являться или губернатором или директором.

7. All three institutions are legally and financially separate, but the bank and IDA share the same staff; IFC, with 133 members, has its own operating and legal staff. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, also known as the World Bank, specialized United Nations agency established at the Bretton Woods Conference in 1944.

Все три  учреждения юридически и материально  отдельны, но банк и Международная Ассоциация Развития разделяют один и тот же персонал; у IFC, с 133 участниками, есть свое собственное отделение и легальный персонал. Международный банк реконструкции и развития, также известный как Всемирный банк, специализировал агентство Организации Объединенных Наций, установленное на Конференции в Бреттоне в 1944.

8. A related institution, the International Monetary Fund (IMF), was created at the same time.

Связанное с ним учреждение, Международный валютный фонд (МВФ), было создано в то же самое время.

9. The bank grants loans only to member nations, ...the purpose of financing specific projects.

Гранты  банка даются взаймы только странам-учатникам, с целью финансировать определенные проекты.

10. In the early period of the World Bank's existence, loans were granted chiefly in European countries and were used for the reconstruction of industries damaged or destroyed during World War II.

В ранний период существования Всемирного банка ссуды предоставлялись в основном европейским странам и использовались для реконструкции отраслей промышленности, поврежденных или разрушенных во время Второй мировой войны. 
 

  Задание 3. Переведите  предложения.  Заполните  пропуски  одним  из

  приведенных вариантов .

1. The interstate system has existed for less than 500 years and is based on a common understanding of what a nation is.

 Межгосударственная система существовала меньше 500 лет и основана на общем понимании того, какова нация. 

2. Recent changes in technology international norms have caused some scholars to question whether this system would continue in the future.

Недавние изменения в технологии международных норм привели некоторых ученых к вопросу, продолжится ли эта система в будущем. 

3. Scholars believed a nation's military power was the most important characteristic in determining how that nation would relate to others.

Ученые  полагали, что  военная мощь государства была самой важной чертой в определении, как та или иная нация будет относится к другим. 

4. Cooperation did not refer to the absence of conflict but to the ability of nations to peacefully resolve their differences in a way that is acceptable to all parties involved.

Сотрудничество  не обращалось к отсутствию конфликта, но к способности наций мирно решить их различия в пути, который является приемлемым для всех вовлеченных сторон. 

5. In both security studies and international political economy, scholars strive to explain patterns of conflict and cooperation among nations.

И в  исследованиях безопасности и в международной политической экономии, ученые стремятся объяснить образцы конфликта и сотрудничества среди наций. 

6. International    relations    might   also    refer    to    the    interactions    between nongovernmental groups, such as multinational corporations.

Международные отношения могут также относится  к взаимодействиям между неправительственные  группы, такие как транснациональные  корпорации. 

7.  International relations is a broad and complex topic both for countries engaged in relationships with other nations, and for observers trying to understand those interactions.

Международные отношения - широкая и сложная  тема и для стран, занятых в  отношения с другими нациями, и для наблюдателей, пытающихся понять эти взаимодействия. 

8. These relationships were influenced by many variables.

Эти отношения  были под влиянием многих переменных. 

9. They are also affected by domestic political events and nonpolitical influences.

including economics, geography, and culture.

Они также  затронуты внутренними политическими событиями и аполитичными влияниями. 

10. To understand these interactions, scholars ...at the world as a system of nations whose actions are guided by a well-defined set of rules.

Чтобы понять эти взаимодействия, ученые смотрят на мир как на систему нации, действия которых управляются четким сводом правил. 
 
 

Задание 4. Переведите приведенные ниже предложения.

1. Незаконные обмены валюты также иногда определяются как операции черного рынка.

Sometimes illegal exchanges are defined as operation of the black market.

2. Черные рынки развиваются, когда официальное курс обмена валюты не отражает реальное обменного курса.

The black markets develop, when official exchange rate of currency does not reflect real exchange rate.

3. Такая ситуация - стимул для держателей иностранных валют для участия в нелегальных обменах валюты.

Such situation is a stimulus for holders of foreign currencies for participation in illegal exchanges. 

4. При наличии  около 3 миллионов предприятий, использующих ту или иную форму рекламы, почти  каждый американец слышит или видит рекламу каждый день.

At presence about 3 million enterprises which use different form of advertising, almost each American hears or sees advertising every day. 

5. Производители тратят миллионы для установления своих  торговых марок как символов надежности и ценности.

Manufacturers spend millions for an establishment of the trademarks as reliability and value symbols. 

6. Черный  рынок- термин, обозначающий незаконную продажу предметов потребления при нарушении установленных норм и цен.

The black market - the term designating illegal sale of consumer goods at infringement of established norms and the prices. 

7. Термин  произошел в Европе во время Первой Мировой войны, когда введение нормирования подтолкнуло некоторых людей обогащаться, продавая неограниченные количества нормированных товаров по высоким ценам.

This term has occurred in Europe during the First World War when rationing introduction has pushed some people to be enriched, selling unlimited quantities rated goods under the high prices. 

8. Черные  рынки - явления времен кризиса.

The black markets is a phenomena of times of crisis. 

9. Черные  рынки процветали повсюду во время  Второй Мировой Войны, но исчезали после войны, как только увеличивалось производство товаров.

The black markets prospered everywhere during the Second World War, but disappeared after war as soon as manufacture of the goods increased. 

10. В такие  времена некоторые потребители  платят слишком дорого, чтобы получить дефицитные товары.

During such times some consumers pay more than it really cost to receive the scarce goods.

Задание 5. Переведите текст на русский язык.

Origins of capitalism.

     Merchants and trade are as old as civilization itself, but capitalism as a coherent economic system had its origins in Europe in the 13th century, toward the close of the feudal era. Human beings, Adam Smith said, have always had a propensity to "truck, barter, and exchange one thing for another." This inclination toward trade and exchange was rekindled and stimulated by the series of Crusades that absorbed the energies of much of Europe from the 11th through the 13th centuries. The voyages of discovery in the 15th and 16th centuries gave further impetus to business and trade, especially following the vast flood of precious metals that poured into Europe after the discovery and conquest of the New World. The economic order that emerged from these events was essentially commercial or mercantile; that is, its central focus remained on the exchange of goods rather than on their production. Emphasis on production did not come until the rise of industrialism in the 19th century.

      Before that time, however, an important figure in the capitalistic system began to emerge: the entrepreneur, or risk taker. A key element in capitalism is the undertaking of activity in the expectation that it will yield gain in the future. Because the future is unknown, both the risk of loss and the possibility of gain always exist. The assumption of risk involves the specialized role of the entrepreneur.