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Чтобы правильно выполнить задание №3, необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по рекомендуемому учебнику:
1. Грамматические функции и значения слов it, that, one.
2. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice) видо-временных форм (Simple, Progressive, Perfect).
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4. Простые неличные формы глагола: инфинитив в функции подлежащего, составной части сказуемого, определения, дополнения и обстоятельства цели. Герундий. Отличия герундия от причастия .
5. Выражение приказания и просьбы с помощью глагола to let.
6. Бессоюзное подчинение в определительных и дополнительных придаточных предложениях.
КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 3
Чтобы
правильно выполнить задание
№3, необходимо усвоить следующие
разделы курса английского
1.
Грамматические функции и
2. Страдательный залог (The Passive Voice) видо-временных форм (Simple, Progressive, Perfect).
3. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do.
4.
Простые неличные формы
5.
Выражение приказания и
6.
Бессоюзное подчинение в
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКИЕ
КОММЕНТАРИИ К
КОНТРОЛЬНОМУ ЗАДАНИЮ №3
В предложении it может употребляться:
Take this book. | Возьми эту книгу. |
It is interesting. | Она интересная. |
Read it. | Прочти ее. |
We shall speak about it next time. | Мы поговорим о ней в следующий раз. |
What is it? It is our new laboratory | Что это? Это наша новая лаборатория. |
3) как формальное (вводящее) подлежащее в выражениях типа:
It is cold. | Холодно. |
It is getting dark. | Темнеет. |
It is winter. | Зима. |
It is necessary to … | Необходимо… |
It is known that… | Известно, что… |
( В
этих предложениях it не переводится).
It is this book that I wanted to read. | Именно эту книгу я хотел прочитать. |
делать
возможным; make it
difficult затруднять;
find it useful считать(находить)
полезным (здесь it
также не переводится).
Упр. 1.
Переведите it в различных
функциях на русский
язык:
1. It is autumn. 2. It is the
3-rd of October. 3. it is dark in the morning and it is difficult to
get up. 4. It is a new subject. It is very important for our future
speciality. 5. We shall study it for two years. 6. It is known that
the knowledge of general engineering subjects is the basis for the study
of special subjects. 7. It is said that the chemistry laboratory of
our institute is good. 8. It is important to understand the fundamentals
of this science. 9. It is the knowledge of general engineering subjects
that is the basis of engineering training. 10 The students find it difficult
to translate such a text without a dictionary. 11. It seems that he
works a lot. 12. It was not easy to study at the institute. 13. Mathematics
is studied at all technological institutes because every engineer must
know it well. 14. It is evident that research is becoming more specialized
now. 15. The use of the new equipment made it possible to minimize the
number of workers.
Функции
и перевод ONE
Слово one может быть:
1. Числительным, в этом случае one стоит перед существительным, является его определением и переводится словом один:
I have only one dictionary. | У меня есть только один словарь. |
2. Неопределенным местоимением, употребляется в качестве подлежащего в неопределенно-личных предложениях и на русский язык переводится:
One can read such a text without a dictionary. | Можно читать такой текст без словаря. |
You may take my dictionary. | Вы можете взять мой словарь. |
Thank you, I have one, the one that Peter gave me yesterday. | Спасибо. У меня есть словарь, тот, который дал мне вчера Петя. |
Упр.
2. Переведите one
в различных функциях
на русский язык:
1.
One must study a lot to become an engineer. 2. We must write only one
exercise now. 3. Engineering is one of the most important professions,
it is the one that is taught at technical institutes. 4. One must pass
all the entrance exams well to enter the institute. 5. Last summer I
read many English technical articles and my friend read some German
ones. 6. This summer we shall spend in the country, the last one we
spent in the city. 7. We translated many texts, but there is one more
text to translate. 8. The main purpose of education is that graduates
must be able to work with the technology of tomorrow. 9. The new technologies
that are being developed must be connected with the traditional ones.
10. One can take this magazine from the library. 11. We discussed the
first industrial revolution, the one that took place some centuries
ago. 12. The problem of pollution has become the most important one.
13. One must have a very good knowledge of general engineering subjects
to become a good engineer.
Функции
и перевод THAT
That может быть:
That house was built in 1987. | Тот дом был построен в 1987 году. |
Can repeat all those questions which the teacher asked? | Можете вы повторить все те вопросы, которые задал преподаватель? |
The book that you gave me yesterday is interesting. | Книга, которую вы мне вчера дали, интересная. |
We know that he studies at the RSVPU. | Мы знаем, что он учится в РГППУ. |
That the profession of an engineer requires a special training is a well-known fact. | То, что профессия инженера требует специальной подготовки – хорошо известно. |
The feature of higher education in this country is that it is available to all. | Особенностью высшего образования в нашей стране является то, что оно доступно всем. |
6.
Заменителем существительного, чтобы
избежать повторения существительного
в единственном числе (во множественном
числе употребляется these, those). That, those, these
переводятся тем существительным, которое
они заменяют, или вовсе не переводятся:
The climate of this part of the country differs from that of our region. | Климат этой части страны отличается от климата нашего района. |
It was you that said so. | Это вы так сказали. |
It was the invention of the steam engine that revolutionized production processes. | Именно изобретение парового двигателя коренным образом изменило все производственные процессы. |
Упр.3.
Переведите that
в различных функциях
на русский язык:
1.
That student studies in our group. 2. The professor that lectures on
mechanics is the dean of our faculty. 3. The aim of today’s policy
is that peace in the world must be permanent. 4. The program for the
first-year students differs from that of the third-year students. 5.
There are many interesting articles in this journal, read those on your
speciality. 6. It is the high qualification of future specialists that
will determine the scientific and technological progress of any country.
7. New robots will have several manipulators that will carry out many
functions. 8. It is the growth of industrialization that is changing
the climate of the planet. 9. The simplest materials are those which
have only one kind of atoms. 10. That the Earth is round was unknown
for a long time. 11. It is found that the labour of a man with secondary
education is 108 per cent more efficient than that of a man without
that education. 12. Moreover, the work of a university or college graduate
is 300 per cent more efficient than that of a specialist with secondary
education. 13. That computers and industrial robots are important for
industrial uses is well known to scientists and engineers.
Формула
страдательного залога: to
be + 3fV (f – форма; V – основная форма глагола)
Simple | Progressive | Perfect | |
to be + 3fV | to be+being+3fV | to have been+3fV | |
Present | am,is,are+3fV | am,is, are + being+3fV | have,has+been+3fV |
Past | was,were+3fV | was,were+being+3fV | had+been+3fV |
Future | shall,will+be+3fV | – | shall,will+been+3fV |
Обычное действие | Действие в процессе, в момент времени | Действие, законченное к моменту времени |
Сигналы
пассива: 1) наличие одной из 8 форм
глагола to be – be, been, being, am, is, are, was,were;
2) отсутствие после нее V+ing (кроме формы
being).
Упр.4.
Переведите предложения
не русский язык. Определите
видо-временную форму
глагола:
1. This law was adopted in 2006. 2. This plant had been built before we came to live in this town. 3. The report will be ready by Monday. 4. The letter is not ready yet. It is still being translated into Russian. 5. Many textbooks have been published this year. 7. She is often seen in the library. 8. She will be met at the station by us tomorrow. 9. Hardly had he finished his speech, when a storm of applause followed. 10. When we came into the office, the secretary was talking to a visitor. 11. The speaker had been listened to with great attention. 12. The conditions of work were greatly improved by them. 13. They are gradually getting used to the Northern climate. 14. Have you noticed that people who cannot read or write usually have good memory?
III. Функции глаголов to be, to have, to do
Функции
глагола to be
Функция |
Пример | Перевод |
Смысловой
глагол
(be + предлог + существительное) |
This book is on the table. This problem is of great importance. |
Книга находится
на столе.
Эта проблема имеет большое значение |
Глагол-связка
(be + существительное или прилагательное) |
He is a student.
The speed of an electric car was not high. |
Он – студент.
Скорость электромобиля была невысокой. |
Вспомогательный
глагол: Progressive tenses (be + Participle I);
Passive Voice (be + Participle II) |
He is writing a new article
now. The article is written by our professor. |
Сейчас он пишет
новую статью. Статья написана нашим профессором. |
Модальный глагол (be + инфинитив с частицей to ) | He is to come to the lab at 10 o’clock. | Он должен прийти в лабораторию в 10 часов. |
Упр. 5. Переведите предложения на русский язык. Определите функции глагола to be.
1. He is often invited there. 2. She will be an engineer next year. 3. I shall be here in time. 4. I was to send him a telegram, but I forgot. 5. They were to have finished their work yesterday. 6. The lecture was interesting. 7. We are to meet at noon.
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