История исследований Арктики

Северный  Арктический Федеральный Университет  им. М.В.Ломоносова

Институт  управления и регионологии

Отделение «Зарубежное регионоведение» 
 
 
 
 
 

Доклад 

На тему:  
 

История исследований Арктики. 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

Выполнил:

Студент I курса

Олешев  Евгений Сергеевич

Научный руководитель:

Соколова  Флера Харисовна

Ананьина Марина Алексеевна

The Arctic region is a region located in the most-northern part of the Earth. The Arctic region consists of the Arctic Ocean and parts of Canada, Russia, Greenland, the United States, Norway, Sweden, Finland, and Iceland. The Arctic region consists of a vast, ice-covered ocean, surrounded by treeless permafrost. The area can be defined as north of the Arctic Circle (66° 33'N), the approximate limit of the midnight sun and the polar night. Alternatively, it can be defined as the region where the average temperature for the warmest month (July) is below 10 °C; the most-northern tree line roughly follows the isotherm at the boundary of this region.

The Arctic region has been attracted by people all the times. In the 10th century Normen discovered Greenland. In the 12th century Russian discovered Kolguev, Vaigach, Novaya Zemlya, when they were fishing. And in the 15th century they discovered Svalbard. In the 16th century and early 17th century Western explorers tried to pass the Northwest and Northeast ways along the Eurasia and America, but they didn't pass throught Novaya Zemlya and the eastern Canadian Arctic Archipelago.  
 
In the 17th century Russian coast-dwellers sailed along the Siberian coast and rounded the Taimyr Peninsula. In 1648 S. Dezhnev discovered the strait between Asia and America. In the 18th century Russian investigators made a number of great works: The Great Northern Expedition (P. J., and D. J. Laptev, S. Malygin, S. Chelyuskin) explored and put on the map all northern coast of Asia. M. V. Lomonosov equipped the Chichagov's expidition in the Central Arctic. In the 19th and early 20th century important discoveries were made by some expeditions: Russian - Gedenshtroma, Litke,  Anjou, Wrangel, Pakhtusov, Toll, Rusanov, Sedov; Austrian - Payer and Weyprecht; American - John De Long; Norway - Fridtjof Nansen; the British - John Ross, James Ross, William Parry, and  expeditions, which were sent on search of missing J. Franklin expedition. 
 
Norwegian O. Sverdrup and Canadian V. Stefansson explored Canadian Arctic Archipelago. American R. Peary firstly reached the Northen Pole in 6 April, 1909. The first flights over the Arctic region in search of lost expeditions Sedov, Rusanov and Brusilov were made by a Russian military pilot Nagurskii in 1914. 
 
The October Revolution opened a new era in the study and development of the Arctic region. At first, Russian explorers have begun to use icebreakers, aircraft, radios and other equipment. In the 20's. large studies in the Arctic region were held  by Floating Marine Scientific Institute (Plavmornin), Northern Scientific-Commercial Expedition, Polar and commissions Yakut Academy of Sciences, which made a large and very valuable research work on water spaces, located between Greenland, Franz Josef Land, Novaya Zemlya, North Earth. Many islands, capes, bays and straits were discovered.  
 
It was the beginning of the development of the Northern Sea Route. In 1933 it was held the first experimental voyage along the Northern Sea Rout on steamer "Chelyuskin". The drifting station "North Pole" was first organized around the pole in 1937. In the same year Tchkalov, Bajdukov and Belyakov made the first flight on the route Moscow - North Pole - the United States. 
 
In 1937 the transport ship "Moscow City Council" managed to get the Northern Sea Route with one navigation in both directions. Since 1948 people have begun using a new method for studying the Central Arctic: small groups of scientists from plane sit down for a short time on the ice in pre-identified locations. These groups opened the underwater Lomonosov Ridge. In 1950, the 2 nd drifting station was created  in the Central Arctic by Mikhail Somov. A large network of drifting automatic radiometeorological stations (DARMS), which served the navigation, was organized in the Soviet Arctic region. Expedition of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute and the Hydrographic management Glavsevmorputi annually conduct physical geography and oceanography of the seas and the coast of the Arctic region. 
 
After the 2nd World War Canada and the United States have begun the study of Arctic. Since 1946 they have conducted oceanographic of eastern Chukchi Sea and Beaufort Sea. There were made a series of voyages in the Arctic waters around the coast of Canada, Greenland, Jan Mayen, Ellesmere. Since 1951, the U.S. has sponsored a number of high-latitude air expeditions, drifting stations in the Arctic Basin.