Geneva – Женева

execute – казнить

Jane Seymour – Джейн Сеймур

Catherine Howard – Екатерина Говард

to be beheaded – быть обезглавленным

Catherine Parr – Екатерина Парр

succeede – наследовать

Regency Council – регентский совет

resistance – сопротивление

Bloody Mary – Мария Кровавая

King Philip of Spain – король Испании Филипп

Mary Stuart, the Queen of Scots – Мария Стюарт, королева шотландцев

Lord Darnley – лорд Дарнли

Sir William Cecil, Lord Burghley – сэр Уильям Сесил, лорд Берли

rival – соперник

glorious – славный

financial considerations – финансовые соображения

colony – колония

colonial empire – колониальная империя

colonist – колонист

Sir Walter Raleigh – сэр Уолтер Рэли

tobacco – табак

perpetuate – увековечить

Virginia – Вирджиния

‘The Virgin Queen’ – «королева-девственница» 

chartered companies – компании, организованные на основании правительственной концессии

profits – доходы

Levant – Левант

Ottoman Empire – Оттоманская империя

prosperous – процветающий

reduce – сокращать

Elizabethan age – елизаветинский век

English Renaissance – английское Возрождение

Edmund Spenser – Эдмунд Спенсер

‘The Fairy Oueen’ – «Королева фей»

Shakespeare – Шекспир

Marlowe – Марло

Ben Jonson – Бен Джонсон 

9. The Stuarts’ England

      When James I (1603–1625) became the first English king of the Stuart dynasty, he was already king of Scotland, though the union of the two crowns did not go as far as James wanted. The administrations, Parliaments and courts of the two countries continued to function separately, and differences in culture and religion between England and Scotland were pronounced.

      The religious situation in Britain was not simple and in the 17^th century religion and politics were linked. There were people in the country who disagreed with the teachings of the Church of England. They said that the services of the Church of England had become too complicated and too rich and took too much money. They wanted to make the Church of England more modest, to purify [`pjuзrifai] it. These people were called Puritans [`pjuзritзnz].

      James I adopted the Anglicanism [`æŋgli,sizm] of Elizabeth’s Church. In 1604 a great conference held at Hampton Court. James made it clear that he would make no changes in religion. He condemned  [kзn`demd] the Puritans. They could either conform [kзn`fo:m] to James’s wishes or leave the country. Many men had Puritan sympathies but obeyed the laws and they stood. Other Puritans left to establish colonies in North America, where they could worship as they wished.

      The one positive result of the Hampton Court Conference was the setting up of a commission to make a new translation of the Bible [`baibl]. This, when completed in 1611, was known as King James’s Bible.

      Catholics, too, hoped for favours from James, whose mother, Mary Stuart, had been a devoted Catholic. Disappointed with the new monarch, a group of Catholics decided to blow up the king when James opened the new session of Parliament, but the plot was discovered, and Guy Fawkes [`gai `fo:ks] and other plotters were arrested and executed. Since then the deliverance of the king, Parliament and Protestantism has been celebrated each year on the 5^th of November.

      James was very unpopular. Parliament didn’t improve his home and foreign policy. The sale of titles and monopolies [mз`nopзliz], which allowed the holder to control the sales distribution of a product, caused widespread irritation. Another source of friction between the king and the House of Commons was foreign policy. Peace was made with Spain in 1604 but this was unpopular. Commons, particularly the Puritan element, wanted England to support Protestantism on the Continent. So in 1624 they made James to declare war on Spain.

      When Charles I (1625–1649) succeeded his father in 1625 Parliament refused to grant him the traditional taxes for life. Charles dissolved  [di`zolvd] the Parliament in anger. A second Parliament was also dissolved quickly. Charles hoped that his third Parliament would be more cooperative [kou`opзrзtiv], but it went further in its opposition to the king, and in 1629 Charles dissolved the Parliament and determined never to call another. From 1629 until 1640 Charles ruled without Parliament.

      In 1640 Charles got up a war with the Scots, but the Scottish army expelled [iks`peld] Charles’s forces from Scotland. The king needed money to fight the war, so in April 1640 he called a Parliament, known as the ‘Short Parliament’, which Charles threw out in twenty-three days. The Scots landed in England, and the king had to call a new Parliament, since famed as the ‘Long Parliament’ – one of the most famous Parliaments in English history.

      In 1641, at a moment when Charles badly needed a period of quiet, the Irish rose and put the English in Ulster [`Λlstз] to death. In London Charles and Parliament quarelled over who should lead an army to defeat the Irish. Many MPs were afraid to give an army to Charles: they thought that Charles would use the army to dissolve Parliament by force and to rule alone again. In 1642 Charles came with five hundred men to Parliament to arrest the head men there who opposed his acts. They were warned of his coming and got out of the way; as Charles said, ‘the birds had flown’.

      London, where Parliament’s influence was strong enough, locked its gates against the king and Charles moved to Nottingham [`notiŋзm], where he gathered an army to defeat those MPs who opposed him. The Civil War had started.

Vocabulary

James I – традиц. Яков I

purify – очищать

Puritans – пуритане

Anglicanism – англиканство

Hampton Court – Хэмптон Корт (королевский дворец)

condemn – осуждать

conform – подчиняться, принимать

sympathy – сочувствие

Bible – Библия

Guy Fawkes – Гай Фокс

deliverance – избавление

monopoly – монополия

Charles I – Карл I

dissolve – распускать (парламент)

cooperative – объединенный

expel– изгонять

Ulster – Ольстер

Nottingham – Ноттингем  

10. The Civil War, the Restoration and the Glorious Revolution

      Most of the House of Lords and a few of the House of Commons supported Charles. The Royalists [`roiзlists], known as Cavaliers [,kævз`liзz], controlled most of the north and west. Parliament controlled the east and south-east, including London. Their short hair gave the Parliament soldiers their popular name of Roundheads.

      The forces were not equal. Parliament was supported by the navy, by most of the merchants and by the population of London. So it controlled the most important national and international sources of wealth. The Royalists had no money. The soldiers of the Royalist army were unpaid, and as a result, they either ran away or stole from local villages and farms. In the end in the battle of Naseby [`neizbi] in 1645, the Royalist army was finally defeated. Charles kept up the fight till the following spring, when he gave in to the Scots, who in January 1647 handed him over to the English Parliament for ₤200,000. That was the end of the Civil War.

      In January 1649 Charles I was executed. He became the first monarch in Europe to be executed after a formal trial for crimes against his people. The leader of the parliamentary army, Oliver Cromwell [`olivз `kromw(з)l],  became ‘Lord Protector’ of a republic with a military government.

      Britain was a republic from 1649 till 1660, but from 1653 Britain was governed by Cromwell alone. He had more power than King Charles had had. But his efforts to govern the country through the army were extremely unpopular. His other innovations [,ino(u)`vei∫зnz] were unpopular too: people were forbidden to celebrate Christmas and Easter, or to play games on Sunday.

      When Cromwell died in September 1658 the Republic died with him. His son, Richard, resigned [ri`zaind] the title of Protector which he had inherited from his father. General Monk [mΛŋk], the leader of the army in Scotland, took control of the country. It was clear that the situation could be saved only by the restoration [,restз`rei∫зn] of monarchy. In 1660 the surviving members of the Long Parliament invited Charles II (1660–1685) to return as king.

      With the restoration of monarchy, Parliament once more became as weak as it had been in the time of James I and Charles I. However, the new king did not want to make Parliament his enemy. He punished only those MPs who had been responsible for his father’s execution. Many MPs were given positions of authority or responsibility in the new monarchy. But in general Parliament remained weak.

      Charles II hoped to make peace between the different religious groups that existed in Britain at that time. He wanted to allow Puritans and Catholics to meet freely. But Parliament, whose members belonged to the Church of England, did not want to allow this. Charles himself was attracted to the Catholic Church. Parliament knew this, and many MPs were worried that Charles would become a Catholic.

      The first political parties in Britain appeared in Charles II’s reign. One of these parties was a group of MPs who became known as Whigs [wigz], a rude  name for a cattle driver. The Whigs were afraid of an absolute monarchy and of the Catholic faith with which they connected it. They also wanted to have no regular army. The other party, which opposed the Whigs, was nicknamed Tories [`to:riz], who were natural inheritors [in`heritзz] of the Royalists of the Civil War, they supported the Crown and the Anglican [`æŋglikзn] Church. These two parties, the Whigs and the Tories, became the basis of Britain’s two-party parliamentary system of government.

      Charles II had fourteen children by his mistresses, but his wife, a Portuguese [,po:tju`gi:z] princess, bore no children. So after Charles II’s death in 1685 his younger brother James became king James II. He was a Catholic. He tried to revive the importance of the Catholic Church and gave Catholics important positions in government and Parliament.

       Parliament was alarmed and angry. The Tories united with the Whigs against James. They decided that James II had lost his right to the crown. James’s daughter Mary was a Protestant and she was married to the Protestant ruler of Holland [`holзnd], William of Orange [`wiljзm зv `orind3]. Parliament invited William of Orange to invade England.

      In 1688 William entered London. James was in danger and fled from England. The English crown was offered to William and Mary. The events of 1688 went down into history as the Glorious Revolution. (It was called ‘glorious’ because it was bloodless.) It was established that a monarch could rule only with the support of Parliament. Now Parliament was much more powerful than the king. Its power over the monarch was written into the Bill of Rights in 1689. The Bill of Rights stated that the king could not raise taxes or keep an army without the agreement of Parliament. The king was given a sum for life and other sums as needed. There could be no possibility of the king making himself independent of Parliament.

      Scotland was still a separate kingdom, although both countries had the same king. The English wanted England and Scotland to be united. Scotland wanted to remove the limits on trade with England from which it suffered economically. The English Parliament promised to remove these limits if the Scots agreed to the union with England. Finally, in 1707, the union of Scotland and England was completed by an Act of Parliament. The state got a new name: Great Britain. The separate parliaments of both countries stopped functioning. A new parliament, the Parliament of Great Britain, met for the first time.

Vocabulary

Royalists – роялисты (сторонники короля)

Cavaliers – кавалеры

Roundheads – круглоголовые

Naseby – Нейсби

Oliver Cromwell – Оливер Кромвель

innovation – нововведение

resign – зд. отказываться, уходить в отставку

Monk – Монк (Джордж)

restoration – реставрация (монархии)

Whigs – Виги

Tories – Тори

inheritor – наследник

Anglican Church – Англиканская церковь

Portuguese princess – португальская принцесса

Holland – Голландия

William of Orange – Вильгельм Оранский

Glorious Revolution – “славная революция”

Bill of Rights – Билль о правах 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

LECTURE 3

Great Britain in XVIII–XX centuries 

Plan:

1. Great Britain in XVIII century
2. Great Britain in XIX century
3. Great Britain in XX century

 

1. Great Britain in XVIII century

      Politically, this century was stable. Monarch and Parliament got on quite well together. Anne Stuart, who was King James’s daughter, became queen after her sister Mary and William of Orange. Queen Anne (1702–1714) took more interest in drinking tea (a new fashion) and betting on horse races than in affairs of state. But none of Anne’s 17 children lived so there were problems connected with the succession.

      King James had a granddaughter, Sophia [`soufiз], who was a Protestant. She married the Elector [i`lektз] of Hanover [`hænзvз], also a Protestant. The British Parliament declared their son, George Hanover [`hænзvз], the heir to the English throne. When Queen Anne died in 1714, George Hanover ascended the English throne as George I, thus starting a new dynasty.

      George I was a strange king. He was a true German and did not try to follow English customs. He could not speak English and spoke to his ministers in French. But Parliament supported him because he was a Protestant.

      The power of the government during the reign of George I was increased because the new king did not seem very interested in his kingdom. In 1716 the special Act extended the life of Parliament from three to seven years. In order to govern, the Crown was obliged to secure the confidence of the house of Commons. This was body of 558 Members – 489 English, 24 Welsh and 45 Scottish. They were all wealthy landlords and rich merchants. Family groupings in the Commons were very important. Great lords probably controlled a number of parliamentary seats. The noblemen themselves sat in the House of Lords, but their sons and relatives, or men whom they favoured with their patronage [`pætrзnid3], sat in the Commons.