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The practical value of the paper consists of the application of the results of the investigation in the course of stylistics, text interpretation, theory and practice of translation.
The following methods have been applied:
1.descriptive;
2.comparative analysis of literature on stylistics, phraseology, semaseology, psycholinguistics;
3.analysis of euphemistic, stylistic projections in the English literature.
The materials of our study are:
1.examples from classical English literature;
2.Russian – English dictionaries.
INTRODUCTION 3
1 LINGUISTIC ASPECT OF EUPHEMISMS IN MODERN ENGLISH 7
1.1 Conceptual world view behind euphemisms 7
1.2 Definition and function of euphemisms 8
1.3 The evolution of euphemisms 11
1.4 The etymology of euphemisms 13
1.5 Taboos and euphemisms 15
2 SEMANTIC WORD BEHIND EUPHEMISMS 17
2.1 Classification of euphemisms on the semantic principle 17
3 EUPHEMISMS AS EXPRESSIVE MEANS AND STYLISTIC DEVICE IN MODERN ENGLISH 34
3.1 Feelings and emotions caused by the process of euphemistic mapping 34
3.2 Interaction of emotions and ethnic culture in euphemisms 36
3.3 Cognitive structure of source and target domains in the process of new euphemistic nominations 38
3.4 Differences of euphemistic projection in image schemes and newly
nominated euphemisms 40
3.5 Psychological aspect of studying euphemisms and dysphemisms 42
CONCLUSION 45
BYBLIOGRAPHY 48
APPENDIX A – Glossary of euphemisms 52
APPENDIX B - General classification of euphemisms and dysphemisms from psychological point of view 58
APPENDIX C- Classification of euphemisms according to the thematical
subdivision 60
APPENDIX A
Short glossary of words and their euphemisms (word – euphemisms)
| WORDS | SYNONYMS | EUPHEMISM WORD |
| accident | crisis, disaster | incident |
| addict | addiction substance, substance abuser | chemical dependency |
| adulterous | - | extramarital |
| arrest | - | apprehend |
| beggar | panhandler | homeless person |
| bombing | - | air support |
| break-in | - | break security |
| brothel | - | massage parlor |
| cheap | frugal, thrifty | economical |
| coffin | - | casket |
| complaint form | - | response form |
| confinement | - | detention |
| criminal | - | illegal |
| criminal (n) | - | juvenile delinquent |
| crippled | disabled | physically challenged |
APPENDIX A (continuation)
|
APPENDIX A (continuation)
| WORDS | SYNONYMS | EUPHEMISM WORD |
| hyperactive | - | attention deficit disorder |
| illegal worker | - | undocumented worker |
| imprisoned | - | incarcerated |
| informer | - | confidential source |
| jail | - | secure facility |
| jungle | - | rain forest |
| juvenile delinquent | problem child | at-risk child |
| kill | - | put down to sleep |
| to kill on a mass basis | - | to liquidate |
| killing of innocents | - | collateral damage |
| lawyer | - | attorney |
| lazy | - | unmotivated |
| make love | - | sleep with |
| money | - | funds |
| mortuary | funeral home | funeral parlor |
| mortuary | funeral home | funeral parlor |
APPENDIX A (continuation)
| WORDS | SYNONYMS | EUPHEMISM WORD |
| multi-racial | - | diverse |
| murder | kill, do someone in | finish off someone |
| noisy | - | boisterous |
| office equipment | - | productivity, products |
| old | mature, distinguished, senior, traditional | seasoned, new (the house is 2 years new) |
| old person | senior, citizen | pensioner |
| old person’s home | convalescent hospital, retirement home | rest home, nursing home |
| one-room apartment | studio apartment | efficiency |
| pay (n) | remuneration | salary |
| person | representative | individual |
| perspire | perspiration | sweat |
| police officer | - | peace officer |
| poor children | - | at-risk children |
| poor nation | emerging nation, developing nation | third-world nation |
| poor student | underachiever | underperformer |
APPENDIX A (continuation)
| WORDS | SYNONYMS | EUPHEMISM WORD |
| power failure | - | service interruption |
| prison | - | correctional facility |
| prisoner | inmate, convict | detainee |
| problem issue | challenge | complication |
| rain | snow, hail | precipitation |
| remedial education | - | special education |
| removed from duty | - | put on administrative leave |
| repression (social, political) | - | law and order |
| retarded | special, slow | mentally challenged |
| rough | - | physical |
| rude | - | self-centered |
| sales | - | marketing |
| sales man - woman | - | sales associate |
| say | indicate, disclose | mention |
| secretary | - | administrative assistant |
| sexual relationship | involvement, intimate | affair |
APPENDIX A (continuation)
| WORDS | SYNONYMS | EUPHEMISM WORD |
| sick | indisposed, ill | under the weather |
| small | quant, cozy | petite |
| to suicide (to commit) | to end it all, take the easy way out | do oneself in |
| teacher | - | educator |
| theft | - | inventory shrinkage |
| tip | - | gratitude |
| toilet | men’s room, workroom, restroom, bathroom, wc | lavatory |
| tramp | - | homeless person |
| ugly | unattractive | plain |
| underwear (women’s) | - | lingerie |
| unemployed | between jobs | taking time off |
| unreserved seating | general admission | festival seating |
| used (adj) | previously-owned, pre-owned | second-hand |
| vagrant | - | homeless person |
| venereal disease | - | social disease |
APPENDIX B
General classification of euphemisms and dysphemisms from the psychological point of view
| Generating motives | Examples
euphemisms | ||
| Feeling of politeness or impoliteness | Mental defects | barmy, dense, soft, queer, leather-head, to go off one’s mind, to be off one's loop, to be off one's rocker; | dork, dumb-ass, dullard, to have bats in one's belfry; |
| Physical defects | disable, handicapped, aurally challenged, aurally handicapped, physically challenged, physically handicapped, mentally challenged, impaired hearing; | cripple, stupid; | |
| Age | senior, middlescence, third age, ageful (old), golden years, silver ager; | ||
| Social inequality |
|
Nigger Red Indian | |
| Feeling of shame | Sex
relations |
affair, ballet, exploit; | fuck; |
| skin flicks, adult movie, pill, to be in an interesting condition, sexual congress; | |||
| accommodation house, assignation house , disorderly house; | drunkard, to dupe, to lick smb`s boots; | ||
APPENDIX B (continuation)
| Superstition | rite (sacrament) of reconciliation; | ||
| Feeling of fear | Death | to go west, to depart, to pass away, to draw one's last breath, to join the silent, to lose one's life, to join (great) majority, to go to meet one's maker, a leap in the dark; | to kiss the dust, to kick the bucket, to croak, |
| Diseases | Growth, Big C | ||
| Sympathy & compassion | Poverty | shopping-bag lady, street person | beggar |
APPENDIX C
Classification of euphemisms according to the thematical subdivision
| Religious euphemisms | Excretory euphemisms | Sexual euphemisms | Euphemisms for job titles | Euphemisms for death |
| Adonai (My Lord) | Manure (work with the hands) | Make love (sleep with) | Sanitation engineer = janitor | Fight a long battle with (death) |
| HaShem (the Name of God) | Zoo Doo or Zoopoop (a brand of elephants manure) | Affair, intimate relationship (sexual relationship) | Transparent-wall maintenance officer = window cleaner | Demise, end, destination, better world, afterlife (death) |
| He Who Must Not Be Named (Satan) | To see a man about a dog (restroom) | The Pill (methods of birth control) | Diamond cutter = a job to mow the lawn at Yankee Stadium | Pass away, pass on, expire, go to heaven (to die) |
| You – Know – Who (Satan) | In the family way (pregnancy) | Liaison (sexual relationship (illicit) | Custodian = janitor | Put down (animal euthanasia) |
| To powder one’s nose (bathroom) | He valued his privacy (homosexual) | Administrative assistant = secretory | Left for the rats (death) | |
| To have a bun in the oven (pregnancy) | Cemetery operative = gravedigger | Bent over the barrel (death) | ||
| Tired and emotional (drunk) | Rodent officer = rat-catcher | Screwed over (death) |
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