Types of grammatical transformations in translation

Types of grammatical transformations in translation 

 

Learning languages is the process which involves not only linguistic peculiarities and features, but comparativeness and divisions among language families. We should like to mention that we can put the line “translation” into the consideration as to let some points in both languages be transferred.

Consequently, there is a new branch of Human sciences. This is Translation theory and Practice. As you see, translation has its own theory, referred to theoretical approaches and grammatical rules.

In any translation, the most important thing is to attain the main meaning from one language into another with the help of interlinguistic, grammatical, lexical and syntactic transformations.

Translating is what we are in the process of transposing words with varieties of one language into another one. It is never a mere transference of finding like or identical, similar or the same approximate correspondence in the target language and vice versa. That’s why translation is here tied to transformations.

Grammatical transformations consist of substitution, transposition, omission and supplementation .They help to come up with the main meaning.

I. Substitution (replacement: замещание)

Substitution stands for using a word for another to give identical meaning as it has mentioned above. It could be shown in contexts with verbs in English. But it is expressed by tense forms of a verb in the Russian, Uzbek and Karakalpak languages. Substitution means “ornina qoyiw” when it is translated into the target language, into Karalkalpak.

For example:

But if they were under the impression that they would get any information out of him he had a notion that they were mistaken.

Но если им казалось, что им удастся выудить из него какие-то сведения, то он считал, что они ошибаются.

Eger olar onnan qanday da bir mag’liwmat alamiz dep oylasa olar qa’telesedi. [2,44]

Ann did such an interesting piece of research that she was invited to read a paper on the subject .

Энн провела такое интересное исследование, что ее пригласили выступить с докладом на эту тему . [4,61]

Anna sonday  bir  qiziqli  ilimiy  izertlew  islegenligi  ushin  usi  temada  doklad oqiwg’a shaqirildi .

There were moments when I thought he'd forgotten his lines

-Такие моменты, когда  мне казалось, что он  забыл свою роль . . [4,62]

Ol  rollerin  umitip  qoydi  dep  oylag’an  sa’tlerim  de  bolg’an .

By substitution we can use pronouns as nouns and verbs instead. For instance, it occurs in Russian and Karakalpak .

II.  Transposition. (перестановка)

Adjectives for the main orders of words are used in this type of transformation. Transposition also means to use a word for another one, but it is connected with the change in the structure of a sentence. Mostly, some words denoting the meaning in the former language, then its translated form may be given not as the same structure in the latter.

Back in this dim region of luxury, quiet still except for the soft whirring of fans they could hear a tea-spoon chink, a cup grate  on a saucer, a voice rise above another voice and sink again into voluptuous stillness. - В глубине слабоосвещенного роскошного зала, тишину которого нарушало только мягкое жужжание вентиляторов, можно было услышать позвякивание чайной ложки и звук чашки, поставленной на блюдце, голос, заглушавший другой, и потом растворявшийся в томной тишине. [1, 108]

Bul ka’shana zalg’a qaytip keler eken, olar ventilyatordin’ jen’il pa’tpeleklerinin’ tinish dawisinan tisqari, shay qasiqtin’, awqat kesenin’ dawisi, birese ko’terilip, birese tinishliqqasho’mgen sesti de esitti.

Hugh recalled his saying once of Ann, "She doesn't really love the roses. She regards them as a chemical experiment."

Хью вспомнил, как он однажды сказал про Энн: «В сущности, она не любит розы. Она рассматривает их как химический эксперимент». [2,124]

Huy Anna tuwrali biq waqitlari aytqan ga’pin esledi. “Ga’ptin’ ashigi ol rozalardi jaqsi ko’rmeydi. Ol olardi ximiyaliq eksperiment dep esaplaydi”. 

 

III. Omission. (опущение)

Omission is a grammatical redundancy of certain forms in two languages. Whenever we do translation we are certain to meet some speech omitted or supposed to be. When it is translated into our mother tongue, it means “ tu’sirip qaldiriw”.

The old man stood with his hands on his hips, an impression of someone tring to seem young, taller, David’s age. – Старик стоял подбоченись, явно стараясь казаться моложе иживее.[1,56]

Qartayg’an bir adam qolin beline tayanip, Davidqa qarag’anda jas ha’m uziniraq ko’riniwge ha’reket qildi.

I came across such an expression "to get the sack" in a newspaper. What does it mean? -Мне попалось в газете такое выражение "to get the sack". Что оно значит? [2,62]

Bir gazetada “to get the sack” so’z birikpesin ushiratip qaldim. Ol neni an’latadi ?

Fatty was of all  the new Freshmen candidates the most useful to Digamma Pi. [1,73]

Среди кандидатов для Дигаммма Пи самое полезное было Толстяк.

Talabanlar qatarinda Digamma Pi ushin en’ paydalisi Ko’mpek edi.

In order to give the real and suitable lexical meaning there could be the way of omitting some words. Because, it helps to identify what the vary sentence is about.

IV. Addition (supplementation: добавление)

In this type of grammatical transformation can be used formal inexpressiveness of grammatical or semantic components of the original texts.

Addition means to give the meaning with the use of another word adding to a context. For example:

"You are too self-conscious," she smiled. “Ты слишком застенчив”, улыбалась она.

-“Sen juda uyalshaqsan’” dedi ol ku’lip.[ 2,16]

Suddenly, by common impulse, we found ourselves on our feet, mumbling together into the smooth lifting unison of Internationale. (J.Reed ‘Ten days that shook the world’) [1,155]

-Вдруг потянусь  общему порыву мы стояли на  ногах бормотав вместе на ровно  подъемного мелодия.

Tosinnan, bizler bir ritmdegi melodiyag’a beyimlesip, ming’irlap turg’animizdi bildik.

Dick's soul was troubled to the core.

Дик испытывал глубокое душевное волнение. [3, 114]

Dick teren’ ruwxiy qiyinshiliqti basinan o’tkerdi. (R. Kipling, ‘The Light That Failed’, ch. XI)

In addition, in most languages there are equivalents and its own features of translation in the vary language which is going to be translated.

The director attempts to avoid the problem posed in the рlау. [4,75] -Режиссер пытается уклониться от решения проблемы,  поставленной в пьесе.

Rejissiyor piesаdаg’i mashqalardin’ sheshimin tabiwg’a urinadi.

Translating, then, which is an actively speaking, can be grasped as a process of intervention as well as interpretation. As a result, it is what each of us do in one way or another a language discourse and variety of a language as well.

In this article we wanted to point out some types of grammatical transformations of translation through many languages such as English, Russian and Karakalpak. You can see and get proved in above mentioned sentences.

 

Literature

1.  A. Ismailov: Translation Theory and Practice, -T. “O’qituvchi”, 1989.

2. М. Аполлова. Specific English (Грамматические трудности перевода).  -М., «Международные отношения», 1977.

3.Т. Р. Левицкая, А. М  Фитерман. Проблемы перевода. -М., «Международные отношения»,  1976.

3. “Get it right” online usage. (internet resource)