Practical part

 

     

     Appendix 1

     The most common shortened contractions. 
 

     aren’t = are not

     can’t = cannot

     couldn’t = could not

     didn’t = did not

     doesn’t = does not

     don’t = do not

     hadn’t = had not

     haven’t = have not

     hasn’t = has not

     he’d = he had / should / would

     he’ll = he will

     he’s = he is / has

     here's = here is / has

     I’d = I had / should / would

     I’ll = I shall / will

     I’m = I am

     I’ve = I have

     isn’t = is not

     it’ll = it will

     it’s = it is / has

     let’s = let us

     mayn’t = may not

     mightn’t = might not

     mustn’t = must not

     shan’t = shall not

     she’d = she had / should / would

     she’ll = she will

     she’s = she is / has

     shouldn’t = should not

     that’ll = that will

     that’s = that is

     there’s = there is / has

     they’d = they had / should / would

     they’ll = they will

     they’re = they are

     they’ve = they have

     wasn’t = was not

     we’d = we had / should / would

     we’ll = we shall / will

     we’re = we are

     weren’t = were not

     we’ve = we have

     what’s = what is

     won’t = will not

     wouldn’t = would not

     you’d = you had / should / would

     you’ll = you will

     you’re = you are

     you’ve = you have 
 

 

      Appendix 2

     Latin abbreviations

     AD (anno Domini) (indicating years numbered from the supposed year of the birth of Christ)

     a.m. – (ante meridiem) in the morning

     ad lib (ad libitum) — at pleasure;

     a priori – in advance, independently of experience;

     B.C – (before Christ) – before our era;

     cf. (conferre) - compare;

      cp. (comparare) — compare;

     circa – about, approximately;

     e.g. (exempli gratia) - for example;

     etc ( Et cetera) – and so on;

     ib (id) (Lat. ibidem) — in the same place;

     i.e. (id est)- that is;

     in situ – at this place;

     loc.cit. (locus citato) — in the passage cited;

     N.B. – (nota bene) – note, comments;

     ob. (obiit) —he (she) died;

     q.v. (quod vide) — which see;

     p.m. (post meridiem) — in the afternoon;

     pro et con (pro et contra) – for and against;

     terra incognita – unknown area;

     vers, vs (versus) – against;

     vice versa – because of smth, on the contrary, back to front;

     viz (videlicet) — namely, sometimes read viz.;

 

      Appendix 3

     Leetspeak 

     & - and

     @ – at

     0 – nothing

     2 - two, to, too

     2DAY – today

     2nite – tonight

     4 – for

     a - a / an

     a/noon – afternoon

     ATB – All the best

     Asl – age, sex, location, 

     b - be

     b4 – before

     bc – because

     bf – boyfriend

     bk - back

     bro - brother

     bt – but

     btw – By the way

     c - see

     d8 - date

     dnr - dinner

     ez - easy

     f8 - fate

     gf - girlfriend

     gr8 - great

     hols - holidays

     hv - have

     I - I, it

     its - it is

     kds – kids

     l8 - late

     l8r - later

     m8 - mate

     ne1 – anyone

     plz – please

     ps - parents

     qt - cutie

     r - are

     sis - sister

     skul - school

     smmr - summer

     u - you

     wr - were

     asap - as soon as possible

     bau - business as usual

     brb - I'll be right back

     btw - by the way

     cul - see you later

     cwot - complete waste of time

     ftf - face to face

     fyi - for your information

     gmta - great minds think alike

     gonna –  going to

     goin –  going

     HAND - have a nice day

     hru - how are you

     icbw - it could be worse

     Idk – I don’t know

     imho - in my humble opinion

     jk - just kidding

     kotc - kiss on the cheek

     LOL - laughing out loud

     l8r – later

     ltnc - long time no see

     ILU, Luv U - I love you

     Luv U2 - I love you too

     Mo – moment

     mon - the middle of nowhere

     mte - my thoughts exactly

     MU - I miss you

     mUsm - I miss you so much

     NP - no problem

     oIc - oh, I see

     PC&QT - peace and quiet

     pcm - please call me

     rotfl - rolling on the floor laughing

     sth –  something

     RSVP – repondez, s’il vous plait

     RUOK - are you ok?

     TUVM – thank you very much

     TTFN – ta ta for now

     Tnx, tnqu - thank you

     U4e - you forever

     Ur – your/ you are

     UROK - you are okay

     wanna – want to

     wuciwug – what you see is what you get

     XLNT – exellent

     X, XOX – kiss, kiss hug kiss

     :-) smiling

     :-* kiss

     :-)) very happy

     :-0 shocked

     :") blushing

     :-| :-| deja vu

     <:3 )~ mouse

     :@) pig

     :’-) tears of laughter

     :-P stick tongue out

     :-(*) you make me sick

     x-( you are mad

     :-" whistling

     ;-) wink

     :-@ screaming

     O:-) saintly

     @}-}}—rose 
 

     Appendix 4

     Blendings or portmanteau:

     alphabet = alpha + betta

     atomaniac = atom + maniac

     Bollywood = Bombei + Hollywood

     brunch = breakfast + lunch

     camcorder = camera + recorder

     cinerama = cine(matographic pano) rama

     e-mail = electronic mail

     emoticon=emotion + icon

     fantabullous = fantastic + fabulous

     fergilicious = Fergie + delicious

     frenglish = French + English

     ligar = lion + tiger (Lewis Carroll “Alice in the Wonderland”)

     medicare = medical care

     mobitone = mobile phone + ringtone

     moped = motor + pedal

     motel = motor + hotel

     Niffles = Niagara Falls

     Pakistan = Panjab, Afghania, Kashmir and Singh, and the final part of Baluchistan;

     pixel = picture + elements

     Pokemon = pocket + monster

     positron = positive + electron

     slanguage = slang + language

     smaze = smoke + haze

     smog = smoke + fog

     spam = spiced ham

     Streetball = street + basketball (a game with one ring)

     televangelism = television + evangelist

     Transceiver = transmitter + receiver

 

      Appendix 5 

     $ - monetary symbol of US dollar

     % - percent

     & - and (ampersand)

     *- note

     .com – commercial

     @ - at (in commerce)

     1A-12D number of pages

     3yrs – three years

     4info – for info

     5¹/₂ – five and half

     a.m. – (Lat.ante meridiem) in the morning

     ABC – alphabet; television channel

     at&t – American telephone and   telegraph

     Aug. – August

     BOSE – better sound through research

     BTN – Big Ten Network (sportcaster)

     C/o – care of Calif. – California

     CD – compact disc